Table Of ContentOdonatologicalAbstracts
1999 revealed asmallbutsignificantdecreaseintheaver-
age number ofspp.presentwith increasingheight
(16022) STEFFENS, W.P.& W.A. SMITH, 1999. abovetheground.Speciesrichness andabundance
Status surveyforspecial concernand endangered weregreaterin largerholes. Similarpatterns were
dragonfliesofMinnesota:populationstatus, inven- observedin206naturaltreeholes.Of7toppredator
toryand monitoringrecommendations. Minnesota spp. (inch 3 odon. taxa),Megaloprepuscoerulatus
DeptNaturalResourses (NaturalHeritage&Non- larvae werenotfound inartificial ornatural holes
gameResearch Program).56pp. —(Addresses not above 7m. Chemical properties oftree holewater
stated). did not ditferwith height, but canopy tree holes
Status determination surveys forOphiogomphus dried outmorefrequentlyandwerethermallyless
anomalus,O.susbehcha andSomatochlora hineana stablethan midstory andunderstoryholes. Harsh
wereconducted throughouteastern, central and thermalconditions andhigherdisturbancefrequen-
northern Minnesota,USA.Threats tothese rare cymayberesponsibleforthedeclineinspeciesrich-
spp. wereevaluated and conservation andpopula- nesswith height.
tion statusrecommendations forMinnesota Ani-
sopteraarepresented.Baseline dataonotherAni- 2000
sopt. in undersurveyedhabitats arereported,in-
cludingseveral staterecords andnumerouscounty (16024) BASS, D„ 2000. A preliminarystudy of
records. Several Zygoptera collections arealsore- aquaticmacroinvertebrates fromtwospringsin the
portedalongwithcountydistributioninformation, Pontotoc RidgeNaturePreserve,Oklahoma.Proc.
andrecommendations forfuture odon.surveysand Okla.Acad. Sci. 80: 105-109. - (DeptBiol.,Univ.
monitoringareoffered. Central Oklahoma,Edmond,OK73034,USA).
4odon. gen.arelisted,aspecieslist isnotprovid-
(16023) YANOVIAK,S.P, 1999.Communitystruc- ed.
turein water-filled tree holes ofPanama; effects
ofhole heightand size. Selbyana20: 106-115. - (16025) CHE SALMAH, M.R., S.T.S. HASSAN
(EvergreenSt.Coll.,Lab. I, Olympia,WA98505, & A.ABUHASSAN,2000, Local movement and
USA). feedingpatternofadult Neurothemis tullia (Dru-
Water-filledtreeholesarecommonaquatichabitats ry) (Odonata:Libellulidae)inarainfedrice field.
inmanyneotropicalforests, yetlittle isknown of Prop.Ecol. 41(2):233-241,(WithSpan.&Port,s’s).
factors influencingtheir biodiversity.Here, com- —(Sch. Biol. Sci.,Univ. SainsMalaysia, Minden-
munityparameters (species richness, abundance -11800,Pulau Penang,Malaysia).
andcomposition) oftreeholemacroorganismsare The investigationwasconducted in an 11 ha rice
comparedat different heights (canopy, midstory, fieldinBandar Barudistr.,Kedah,PeninsularMa-
understory) in the forest of Barro Colorado Isl., laysia, July 1994-Apr. 1995,usingmark-release-
Panama. Data from multiplecensusesof40 arti- -recapture method.Both 6 Sand 99werewidely
ficial treeholes during3 wetseasons(1995-1997) distributedwithintheir homerange ofca30mra-
306 OdonatologicalAbstracts
dius. Adult movementswerehighlylocalized and nearKranj\.Zavod zafavnistiko,Koper.(Slovene).
the longestdistance travelled wasca 130 m. Diur- - (KocjandiCi18,SI-6276 Pobegi).
nalfeedingpatternswerestudiedbyexamininggut During 1991-2000,31spp. wereevidencedatthees-
contents. Someindividuals hadtakenprey asearly tate,Slovenia, Acommentedlist,with field notes,is
as07.30h,but feedingactivity peakedat 10.30and presentedhere.
17.30 h. Thedailyfood intakewashighlyvariable
between sexesand at different daytimes, 99 fed (16030) HASSAN,K.S.,M.A.HABEEB&N.J.AL-
moreactivelyinthemorningandtheirbodyweights MOUSAWI, 2000. Occurrence ofaquaticinsects
werehigherthan those of66 at all hoursofthe withalgaeinBasrahprovince. Marinamesopotamica
day. 15(1):137-143. - (DeptBiol.,Coll.Sci.,Univ. Bas-
rah,Basrah,Iraq).
(16026) [COOK, C]LAUDERMILK, E.L., 2000. Ischnura evansi and Anax sp. larvaeoccurred in
CarlCook receivesCommission’s BiodiversityPro- algaesamplescollected from 9 stations alongthe
tectionAward,NaturallyKentucky32;2. - (doC. Shattal-Arab R.,between Qurnaand Abul-Kasib.
Cook, Box 16, Highway 218, Center, KY 42214, Iraq; March-Sept.1997.
USA).
On9Dec. 1999,C.Cook received the annual Bio- (16031) KINVIG, R„ 2000. Odonata surveyofthe
logicalDiversity ProtectionAwardoftheKentucky ZambeziDelta. Occ. PubisBiodiv. Bulawayo8:559-
,
State Nature Preserves Commission. Some high- -564. - (Author’saddress notstated).
lightsofhisodonatologicalcareerareoutlined and Acommentedlist of25spp.,collected (June 1999)
aportraitisprovided. from 7 sitesatthe Marroraeu wetlandcomplexin
the lowerZambezi Delta. Thespp. werecaptured
(16027) DOMMANGET, J.-L.,2000. Laconserva- in a random samplingofthe sites, usingasweep
tion des couleurs etla preparationdes libellules net duringwalking throughthe vegetation. The
destinees alacollection dereference. Bull.Entomo- sitesaredescribed,and fieldnotes onthe spp. are
faune 22:3-7. - (7rueLamaratine,F-78390 Bois- provided.
d’Arcy).
Thecolourpreservationmethodisdescribed,based (16032) POLHEMUS,D..R.ENGLUND,S. JOR-
ontheclassical O.P.Wenger’sacetoneprocessingof DAN&J.POLHEMUS. 2000. Tripreportfor 1999
odon,specimens. Itsadvantagesand disadvanages entomologicalandfreshwatersurveysofthe Smith-
arepointedout,based ontheexamples from the sonianInstitutionandBishopMuseumexpeditionto
Europeanfauna. the MarquesasIslandsand Tahiti.Pac. Biol. Surv..
BishopMus., Honolulu, vi+17 pp. [Contrib, No.
(16028) FITZPATRICK,M.,2000. ReviewofOdo- 2000-002 Pac. Biol. Surv.]. — (FirstAuthor: Dept
nataassociated with the wetlands ofthe Zambezi Ent., MRC 105, Natn Mus. Nat. Hist.,Smithson.
Basin. Occ.PubisBiodiv.,Bulawayo8:527-557. — Instn,Washington,DC 20560,USA).
(Author’saddressnotstated). Collections ofaquaticinsects and otheraquatic
Anannotated and commented list of217 spp. (77 macroinvertebrates weremade from streams and
Zygopt., 140Anisopt.),withnotes ontheirecology, wetlands in the Marquesas and Society island
andsectionsonconservation and potentialthreats, groupsofFrenchPolynesia,from17Oct.to6Nov.
andonthe areasofhighspeciesrichness. Thegaps 1999.Alistispresentedofodon.spp.recorded from
inourknowledgearepointedoutwith reference to MarquesasIsisof Nuku Hiva,Hiva Oa,Tahuata
futureresearch.InanAppendix(p.557)achecklistis andUaHuka,inch a“Pantalanewsp.?”,abundant
givenof39spp. (identificationofsomeisuncertain butrestricted totheFaakua R.mouthonHivaOa.
andsometaxa areidentified tothe gen.only)col- The Hemicordulia assemblagesfromboth theSo-
lected (20March-4 Apr. 1999)fromBarotseland. cietyIsisand theMarquesasareclearlyin needof
revision.For odon. andotherspp.itispossiblethat
(16029) GEISTER,L, 2000. Popisfameinflarena the Marqueseanstreams may representstepping
Urdu priKranju. Kacjipastirji (Odonala): Brda stonestothenearest highislands ofHawaii.
priKranju — [Fauna andflora inventoryof Brdo
estatenear Kranj. Dragonflies(Odonata) atBrdo (16033) RAMSAY,R.L,& S.G.CANNINGS,2000.
OdonatologicalAbstracts 307
DragonfliesatriskinBritishColumbia. Proc.Conf. 73034,USA).
Biol. MngmlSpecies& HabitatsatRisk,Kamloops BoehlerLakeisa2.5ha,dystrophicbeaverpond. 11
1:89-93. - (Brit.Columbia Conserv. Data Cent., odon.spp. arelisted,aspecieslistisnotprovided.
P.O.Box9344,Stn Prov. Govt,Victoria,BC, V8W
9M1,CA). (16036) [NIELSEN, M.C.,submittedthemanuscript,
In 1993,British Columbia’s (Canada)Odon. were theactualAuthorunknown],2001.Whydoyoucol-
listedand rankedastotheirconservation statusin lectinsects?News!. Mich. ent.Soc. 46(3):4.
theprovince,basedupontheknowledgeatthetime. [Verbatim,concluding paragraphs:] The number
Inventoryeffortswerethenfocusedonthespp.con- ofinsects takenbycollectorsamountstolessthan
sideredatrisk,inordertomoreaccuratelydetermine tenthousandths ofonepercentoftheinsectskilled
theirstatusandtoidentifyspecificsites forconserva- byman, yetfromthis minutepercentagecomesall
tion,For 3yrsurveyswereconducted in5regionsof the material used for aesthetic purposes such as
theprovince:theNE corner, theLowerMainland, books,illustrations,andartwork;allthespecimens
southernVancouver Island,theOkanagan,andthe used to compilelearningand teachingcollections
Columbia Basin.Duringthecourseofthesesurveys, forschools,universities,museums and public dis-
knownranges ofmanyspp. wereextended,knowl- plays; all thematerial necessary tocompilescien-
edgeofhabitat requirementsincreased,and 3new tificstudies and revisionary works oflittle-known
spp.wereconfirmed fortheprovince.While many groups;andallthespecimensusedinscientificwork
of the targetedspp. werefound only sparsely or inagricultureandhealth. —Mostprivatecollectors
notatall,anumber ofthem werediscovered tobe eventuallydonatetheircollections tomuseumsand
moreabundantthan previously thought,and their universities,[...]makingaworthwhile contribution
conservationrankswerechangedaccordingly. toposterity.
(16034) VANBUSKIRK,J.&B.R.SCHMIDT,2000. (16037) O’BRIEN, M., 2001, A peekat Michigan
Predator induced phenotypic plasticity in larval Odonata. News/. Mich. ent.Soc. 46(3):11. —(Insect
newts: trade-offs,selection andvariation innature. Div.,Mus. Zool.,Univ. Michigan,Ann Arbor,MI
Ecology81(11): 3009-3028. - (Inst.Zool.,Univ. 48109-1079,USA).
Zurich,Winterthurerstr. 190,CH-8057 Zurich). 160spp,arecurrentlyknown fromMichigan,USA.
Evolutionarymechanismsmaintaininganinduced Somatochlorahineana isonthefederalendangered
response topredators(Aeshnacyanealarvae)were spp. list. Some poorly-sampledhabitats, such as
studiedinTriturusalpestrisandT.helveticus larvae. seepsand fens, need monitoringonaregularba-
Whenexposedtocaged(nonlethal)Aeshna,newts sis.
spentmoretimehidingintheleaf litter,haddarker
pigmentationin the tail fin,and developedlarger (16038) YANOVIAK,S.P.,2001.Predation,resource
heads andlargertailsrelative totheirbody size, in availabilityandcommunitystructureinneotropical
comparisonwith newtsinpredator-freeponds.The water-filled tree holes. Oecologia 126: 125-133. -
2phenotypesfacedaperformancetrade-off across (EvergreenSt.Coll.,Lab. I,Olympia, WA98505,
environments with and without odon.: thepreda- USA).
tor-induced phenotype survived twice as well as Predation and resourceavailabilityinfluence com-
thenon-predatorphenotypewhenexposedtofree munitystructureinmanyaquaticecosystems. Preda-
dragonflies,but thepredator-inducedphenotypeof tors(Megaloprepuscoerulatus larvae)andresources
both spp. grewmoreslowlyuntiljustbeforemeta- (leaflitter)were manipulatedto determine their
morphosis. independenteffectsonmacroorganismspeciesrich-
ness,abundance,andcompositioninwater-filled tree
2001 holes ofBarro Colorado Isl.,Panama. Interactive
effectsofthesefactorswere alsoinvestigatedinarti-
(16035) BASS,D,& C.POTTS, 2001. Invertebrate ficialtreeholes.Largeodon,reduced speciesrichness
communitycompositionandphysicochemicalcon- innaturaltreeholes,butdidnotsignificantlyreduce
ditionsofBoehlerLake,Atokacounty,Oklahoma. macroorganismabundance.The presenceoflarvae
Proc. Okla.Acad. Sci. 81: 21-29. - (FirstAuthor: ofCulexurichii andtheceratopogonidmidge,Bez-
DeptBiol.,Univ.CentralOklahoma,Edmond,OK zia snowi,werenegativelyassociatedwith thepres-
308 OdonatologicalAbstracts
enceoflargeodon.larvae. Innaturaltreeholes,leaf Pinang,Malaysia).
litter addition and removal respectively increased The studywasconducted in a40-acrefield plotin
and decreased richness byca 1sp. relative tocon- Bandar Baru distr.,Kedah,Peninsular Malaysia.
trols, and macroorganismabundance was greater 16fam.of5aquaticinsectorderswererecorded. In
in litteraddition holesthanin litterremovalholes. general,aquaticinsectsweremostabundant during
Independenteffectsofpredationshowed similar fallowphaseand decreasedattheonsetofplough-
patternsin artificial holes,but therewasnopreda- ing.Libellulidae werefoundinabundance inyoung
tor-resource interaction,partly due to the short and tillerphases.Duetotheirhighpopulationden-
duration oftheexperiment. Predators grewfaster sities,theyappear tobethe mostimportantpreda-
when litter wasabundant,and indirectly reduced tors.
litterdegradationrateswhen resourceswerescarce
in artificial holes. Both resourceavailabilityand (16042) CHE SALMAH,M.R.,A.ABU HASSAN
predationinfluence speciesrichness in water-filled &J,GR1NANG,2002.Aquaticinsectsdiversitiesin
treeholes,butact atdifferent timescales;richness Kedah,Pinangand Bongorriversand theirpoten-
followsproductivity(litterquantity)overa period tialuseasindicatorofenvironmental stress.In:C.N,
ofweeks, whereas effectsofpredation may span Wehg,[Ed.],Riverstowardssustainabledevelopment,
severalmonths. pp. 335-343,Penerbit Univ. Sains Malaysia,Pulau
Pinang. — (Sch. Biol. Sci.,Univ, Sains Malaysia,
2002 Minden-11800,Pulau Penang,Malaysia).
5odon.fam.wererepresentedinthepollutedKedah
(16039) CANNINGS, R., 2002. Rare dragonfliesof andPinangrivers(3fam.per river), but therepre-
British Columbia. BC Ministry Sustain. Resour. sentativesof11fam.occurinthe mountainous,al-
Mngmt&BC MinistryWaterLandAirProt.,Vic- mostundisturbed BongorR.Thebiologicalindices
toria. 5pp.Brochure. ISBN0-7726-7699-2. - (Au- werecalculated for all stations. 2biotic indices,the
thor:RoyalB.C.Mus.,P.O.Box 9815StnProv.Govt, FamilyBiotic Index(FBI)andtheBritishMonitor-
Victoria,BC, V8W9W2,CA). ingWorkingParty(BMWP),aswellastheShannon
BritishColumbia (Canada)is home to 87 spp., 23 DiversityIndex areused tocategorizewaterquality.
ofthese areconsidered rare orpotentiallyatrisk. Achecklistofspp.isnotprovided.
Red-listed are:Calopteryxaequabilis,Argiavivida,
Enallagmacivile,Ischnura damula,Octogomphus (16043) COLIGNON, P,2002.Etudefaunistiquedes
specularis, Stylurusolivaceus, Somatochlora brev- odonates deBelgique.Bull. Inst.roy. Sci.not. Belg.
icincta,S.forcipataand S.kennedyi. 72(Suppl.): 113.(With Engl. s.). - (Zool.gen. &
appl.,Fac. Sci.Agron.,Passagedes Depones2,B-
(16040) C'ELIK.K., 2002. Communitystructureof 5030Gembloux).
macrobenthos ofaSoutheast Texas sand-pitlake [Synopsis ofa poster] A comparison of odon.
relatedtowatertemperature,pH anddissolved oxy- recordsin Belgiumbetween theperiods 1955-1978
genconcentration.Turk. J.Zool. 26:333-339,(With and 1990-2000showsarecent decreaseintheabun-
Turk.s.).- (DeptBiol.,BelikesirUniv.,TR-10100 danceofEuro-Siberian faunal elements andanin-
Belikesir). creaseinmoresouthern spp.
Theman-made Bary’s Lakeis locatedca 18km N
of Beaumont(HardinCo.,Texas, USA); surface: (16044) COTTERILL,F.D.P., 2002.Notesonmam-
ca 1ha;depth,fairly uniform: 7 m. Itsmacrozoo- malcollectionsandbiodiversityconservation inthe
benthos wasstudied duringJune 1995-Feb. 1996. Ikelengepedicle, Mwinilungadistrict, northwest
Dromogomphussp., Paragomophussp.,Libellula Zambia. Occ.PubisBiodiv.,Bulawayo 10; 1-18. -
sp. and L.axilenaarelisted. (Author’saddress notstated).
Includes achecklist of37 odon. spp.thatareeither
(16041) CHESALMAH,M.R.&A.ABUHASSAN, endemicoroccurmarginallyintheIkelengepedicle,
2002. Distribution ofaquaticinsectsinrelation to NWZambia.
rice cultivationphasesinarainfedricefield.J.Bio-
sains 13(1):87-107, (WithMalays.).- (Sch. Biol. (16045) CURRY,J.,2002. RareOdonataofIndiana.
Sci., Univ. Sains Malaysia, Minden-11800,Pulau NewsI. Mich.ent.Soc 47(3/4):10,withAuthor’spor-
OdonatologicalAbstracts 309
trait.- (DeptBiol.,Franklin Coll.,501 E,Monroes (16048) HANCOX,1,2002. DragonfliesofPotteric
Str.,Franklin,IN46131,USA). Can. YorkshireWildlifeTrustPottericCarrNature
RareIndiana odon. spp.fall into 1of3 categories: Reserve, York. 20 pp. Brochure (14.6x20.7 cm).
(1)southern spp. atthe northern fringeof their ISBNnone,- (Publishers: 1StGeorge’sPI.,York,
ranges inSIndiana (e.g.Arigomphussubmedianus, Y024 1GN,UK).
Gomphushybridus,Macromiapacifica,Neurocor- Anattractiveand veryinformative bookletonthe
dulia molesta),(2) northern spp. atthe southern fauna (18 spp.)ofthe Reserve (Yorkshire,UK).
fringe oftheir ranges in N Indiana (e.g.Aeshna General odon.morphologyandlifehistoryarecon-
canadensis, A. tuberculifera,Gomphusventrico- ciselypresentedandtheregionalspp. arebrieflyde-
sus, Epithecacanis, Libellula Julia,Nannothemis scribedandtheirstatusontheReserveisoutlined.A
bella),and (3)spp. oncemorecommontothe state keytotheadultsisappended.Althoughthepublica-
which have apparentlybecomeraredueto habitat tionrelates torecordsuptothe2001 season,further
changes(e.g.Tachopteryxthoreyi,Anaxlongipes, recordingworkisbeingcarriedouteachyearandthe
Cordulegasterobliqua,andperhaps,Somatochlora resultsarepublishedannuallyintheReserve’snews-
hineana). letter.Recorder. —Withthisbookletthevisitorsof
theReservewillbemorethanadequatelyinformed
(16046) FELLOWS, J.R.etal„[Eds], 2002.Report onthelocal dragonflylifeand itspeculiarities.
ofarapidbiodiversity assessment atWutongshan
National Forest Park,Shenzhen SpecialEconomic (16049) LAUDERMILK, E.L., 2002. Kentucky’s
Zone,China,16to 17May2001.SthChinaForestBi- streamdragons.NaturallyKentucky 37: 1. - (Au-
odiv. Sun. Rep.Ser. 11:1-20.[ISBN962-86552-5-6], thor’saddressnotstated).
- (Publishers: Kadoorie Farm & Bot. Garden Anoteon theKentucky status ofOphiogomphus
Corp., Lam Kam Rd, Tai Po,N.T., Hong Kong, howei,O.mainensis,O.aspersus andStylurusnota-
SAR,China). tuswhichspp. arebeingmonitoredbytheKentucky
Thefindingsofabrief triparedetailed. The Park StateNature Preserves Commission (address: 801
(surface31km2)isadjacenttoShaTau Kok, Hong Schenkel Lane,Frankfort,KY40601-1403,USA).
Kong. 17odon.spp.arelisted.Themostinteresting
arerecords ofDrepanostictahongkongensisandSi- (16050) SUBRAMANIAN,K.A.,2002.Whendrag-
nostictaogataithatwerepreviously thoughttobe onsfly ... AnaturalhistoryofOdonata.Resonance
endemictoHongKong.Mnaismneme,Philoganga 2002(Oct.):69-78. —(Cent.Ecol. Sci.,IndianInst.
vetusta,AgriomorphafuscaandLeptogomphusel- Sci,,Bangalore-560012,India).
egansareknownfromafewlocalities inHongKong, Afeature articleonthebiology andbehaviour. The
butdo notappeartobe highlyrestricted within S Authoriscurrentlyworkingonthecommunityecol-
China.All spp. recorded in the surveyareknown ogy of stream insectsofWesternGhats (India),
fromHongKong. where ca38% ofodon. spp,areendemic.In order
todesignafeasiblebiomonitoringtoolusingodon,,
(16047) HAACK,R.A.,2002.Requestforcomments 2issues needtobe addressedimmediately,viz.:(1)
onForest Service Sensitive species in Michigan. abetterknowledge oflarval ecology, and (2)an
Newsl. Mich. ent.Soc. 47(3/4);23. - (USDAFor- analysisoftheeffectoflandscapechangesonodon.
est Serv.,North CentralRes. Stn, 1407S.Harrison distribution and statusinWesternGhats.
Rd,EastLansing,MI48823,USA),
The 3 National Forests in Michigan (Hiawatha, (16051) TRIAL, L. & J. BELSHE, 2002. Atlasof
Huron-Manistee,and Ottawa)arenowcollecting Missouri Odonata. Missouri DeptConserv., Co-
data tobe used in revisingtheir Forest Plans. As lumbia /MO. iv+160 pp. Softcover,spiralbinding
part ofthisprocess, theyareconductinga“Species (21.2x27.8cm).ISBNnone.Price(incl.revisededn):
viabilityevaluation”,whichincludes Gomphusiridi- €34.-net.
frons,G.quadricolor,Ophiogomphusanomalus,O. For descriptionoftherevised ednand theaddress,
howei,Somatochloraforcipata,S.hineana,S.incur- seeOA 16123.
vata, S.minor,Stylurusnotatus and Williamsonia
fletcheri. (16052) WYKLE, J.,2002. The yearofthedragon-
fly. W. VirginiaWildlifeDiversityNews 19(3):1,8.
310 OdonatologicalAbstracts
—(W,VirginiaDiv. Nat.Resour., WildlifeResour. (16056) HERBECK, J.T.& J.NOVEMBRE, 2003.
Sect.,Wildlife Div. Program,P.O. Box67, Elkins, Codon usage patterns in cytochrome oxidase I
WV26241,USA), acrossmultipleinsectorders. J.mol. Evol. 56;691-
Afeaturearticle,ontheoccasionoftheDSA meet- -701.— (FirstAuthor:JBPCent.Comp.Mol. Biol.
ingatLewisburg(20-22June2002),withanappeal &Evol.,MarineBiol. Lab.,WoodsHole,MA02543,
tothose interestedin theWVodon.togetintouch USA).
with theAuthor. Synonymouscodon usagebiasisdetermined by a
combination ofmutationalbiases, selection atthe
2003 level oftranslation,andgeneticdrift.Inastudy of
insect mtDNA,patternsofcodon usagewereana-
(16053) ENGLUND, R.A.,2003. HawaiiBiological lysedacrossaphylogenyof88spp., spanning12or-
Survey,BishopMuseum: observations andfindings ders. Theodon.arerepresentedby“Lybellacyanea”
from7April2003sitevisitofunnamed streamflow- and shown in phylogenetictrees (totalbias level:
ingintoPila’a Bay,Kauai.PreparedforEarthTech, medium),butnotextreference ismadetothe order.
Honolulu. Hawaii Biol. Surv.,Honolulu. 15pp. -
(HawaiiBiol. Surv., BishopMus„Honolulu, HA (16057) KIRTI, J.S,&A. SINGH, 2003. Studies on
96817,USA). the male secondary genitaliaofIndian species of
Ischnuraposita,I.ramburii,Megalagrionvagabun- genus DiplacodesKirby(Odonata:Anisoptera,Li-
dum,Anaxjunius,Crocothemis servilia,Orthemis bellulidae).Ann. Ent.21(1/2):5-10. - (DeptZool.,
ferrugineaandPantalaflavescenswereencountered; PunjabiUniv.,Patiala-147002,India).
— Hawaii. The 3 accessorygenitalstructures ofD.lefebvrei,
D. nebulosa and D. trivialis aredescribed and il-
(16054) FERREIRA-PERUQUETTI,P.&S.TRIV- lustrated,based onspecimensfromHarayanaand
INHO-STRIX1NO, 2003. Notas sobre relates Uttaranchal. Akeyforseparationofthe 3 spp. is
foreticas entre especies de Chironomidae eOdo- appended.
natadoEstadodeSaoPaulo,Brasil.Entomolropica
18(2): 149-151. (WithEngl. s.). — (FirstAuthor: (16058) OGDEN, T.H. & M.F. WHITING, 2003.
PraqaJardineira 24,Jardim Asteca,BR-29104-500 Theproblemwith“thePaleopteraProblem”: sense
VilaVelha,ES, Brazil). andsensitivity. Cladistics 19:432-442. - (DeptIn-
The phoresis between Chironomidae larvae and tegrativeBiol.,BirghamYoungUniv.,401 WIDG,
odon.larvaeinthestreamsofCamposdoJordaoand Provo,UT84602-5255,USA).
LuizAntonio (SaoPaulo,Brazil)isreported.Thie- WhilethemonophylyofPterygotaiswellsupported,
manniella sp,wasfoundattachedonArgiamodesta, phylogeneticrelationshipsamongthemostbasalex-
and Rheotanytarsussp.onHeteragrionsp.,Casto- tantpterygotelineagesareproblematic.Ephemero-
raeschna sp. and onElasmothemis connacrioides. pteraandOdonatarepresentthe2mostbasalextant
lineagesofwinged insects, and determiningtheir
(16055) GARCIA,J.V.&G.PEREIRA,2003.Diver- relationshipwith regardtoNeopterais acritical
sityofbenthic macroinvertebrates fromtheCaura step toward understandinginsect diversification.
riverbasin,BolivarState,Venezuela. RAPBull.hiol. Arecentmolecular analysisconcluded that Paleo-
Assmnt28: 49-55(Engl.), 144-150(Span.),235-239 ptera(Odonata+Ephemeroptera)ismonophyletic.
(Appendix). (Bilingual). - (Inst. Biol. Tropical, However,hereit isdemonstratedthatthisresultis
Fac.Cien.,Univ. CentralVenezuela,AptdoCorreos supportedonlyunderanarrowrange ofalignment
47058,Caracas-1041-A,Venezuela). parameters.ThemonophylyofPaleopterawasfur-
The Caurawatershed is located in the Esectorof ther tested usingadditional sequence data from
the Bolivar State, representingavast expanse of ISSrDNA,28SrDNA,and Histone3forabroader
relatively pristineforests and rivers and is a ma- selection oftaxa and awider range ofanalytical
jortributaryto the Orinoco R. Thebenthic mac- methodologies.Theresultssuggestthatthecurrent
roinvertebrate diversitywasassessedat25localities suite of molecular data ambiguouslyresolve the
throughouttheupperandlowersectionsoftheriver. 3 basalwingedinsect lineagesand donotprovide
18 odon. genera,pertainingto7 fam.,arelistedin independentconfirmation ofOdonata+ Neoptera
the Appendix. assupportedviamorphologicaldata.
OdonatologicalAbstracts 311
(16059) STROO, A., 2003. Het ruggengraatloze nata: Insecta)in atropical riverbasin, Malaysia.
soortenbeleid. - [Aspinelessspeciesconservation Welland Sci. 2(1): 1-9. — (Sch. Biol. Sci., Univ.
policy].Nieuwsbr. Europ.Invert.Surv.Nederland 36: SainsMalaysia, Minden-11800,Pulau Pinang,Ma-
8-14. (Dutch).— (Author’saddress notstated). laysia).
A detailed descriptionof, and critical comments Duringboth rainy and dry seasons, odon. larvae
onspeciesconservation managementin the Neth- weresampledfrom 16tributaries oftheKerianR.,
erlands. A list of 35 odon. spp. isprovided,with N Malaysia.Thedistribution ofodon. generawas
statementson their legalstatus in Europeand in significantlydifferentamongriversinbothseasons,
theNetherlands. butnoseasonal influence wasdetected.Achecklist
ofspp. orgen. isnotprovided,but many taxaare
(16060) VAN SWAAY, C,D. GROENENDIJK & commentedupon.Thedistribution oflarvaeiscon-
R. KETELAAR, 2003. Monitoringbutterfliesand ditionedbyphysico-chemicalparameters, whichare
dragonfliesinthe Netherlands in2002. DeVlinder- possibly influenced byhuman activitiesintheadja-
stichting,Wageningen&Centraal Bureau voorde centareas.The mostdominant spp.,Prodasineura
Statistiek, Voorburg. 29pp. ISBN none.(Dutch, autumnalis andBrachythemiscontaminata,favour
with Engl,s.). — (De Vlinderstichting, P.O. Box slightlyacidicwater.
506,NL-6700 AMWageningen).
In2002,odon.werecountedeveryfortnightbetween (16064) CHE SALMAH, M.R. & A.A. WA-
MayandSept,at306sites.Theaveragenumbersof HIZATUL, 2004. Distribution ofOdonata (In-
individuals pertransectwerehigherthaninprevious secta)invariousecosystemsinnorthernPeninsular
years. Enallagmacyathigerumwasagain themost Malaysia. WetlandSci.2(3): 184-191. - (FirstAu-
commonspp.,with almost 80000 individuals. For thor:Sch.Biol.Sci.,Univ.SainsMalaysia, Minden-
thefirsttimeindices arepresentedforanumber of -11800,Penang,Malaysia).
spp. Analarmingdecreasingtrendwasdetectedfor Odon,larvaeandadults(51spp.)werecollectedfrom
Leucorrhinia pectoralis,whereas anotherRed List 14sitesofvarious habitats,inch rivers, ricefields,
sp.,Lestesvirens,showsapositivetrend. mountain streams, freshwater and peat swamps,
oilpalm-, sugarcane- and rubberplantations, and
2004 alake.Theriverine andstreamecosystems hadthe
highestspeciesdiversity;thepoorestfaunawasre-
(16061) BAMBARADENIYA,C.N.B.,J.P.EDIRIS- corded from a lake. Manyspp. wererestricted to
INGHE, D.N.DE SILVA,CVS. GUNATILLE- certain habitats orwaterparametergradientsand
K.E,K.B.RANAWANA& S.WIJEKOON,2004. couldbe used asbioindicators ofthese.
Biodiversityassociated withanirrigatedrice agro-
ecosystemin SriLanka. Biodiv. Conserv. 13: 1715- (16065) CLUBB,L.,2004. Huntingdragons.Cygnus
-1753. - (FirstAuthor: IUCNSriLankaOffice,53 2(1):2,6. - (MixedwoodForest Soc.,Box 22021,
Horton PI.,Colombo-07,SriLanka). Brandon,MB,R7A 6Y9,CA).
Thestudywasconducted ina1haricefieldatBatha- On theManitobaDragonflySurvey. Theresponsi-
lagoda,Kurungeladistr.,IntermediateZone,during ble person: Dr J.Duncan,Wildlife Br., Manitoba
Nov. 1995-March 1998, 19odon.spp. arereported Conserv., Box 24, 200 SaulteauxCrescent,Winni-
(inch4taxaidentified tothegen.only). peg, MB,R3J 3W3,Canada.
(16062) BERNAtH,B., J. gAl& G. HORVATH, (16066) COSTA, J.M.,J. PUJOL-LUZ & L.L.P.B.
2004. Whyisitworth flyingat duskforaquaticin- REGIS,2004. Descrigao delarva deZenithoptera
sects?Polarotactic waterdetectioniseasiest atlow anceps (Odonata,Libellulidae).Iheringia(Zool.)
solarelevations. J.exp.Biol.207: 755-765. - (Third 94(4): 421-424. (WithEng. s.). — (First Author:
Author;BioopticsLab.,DeptBiol. Physics,Eotvos DeptEnt.,Mus.Nac.,UFRJ,QuintadaBoaVista,
Univ.,Pazmanysetany 1,H-l117Budapest). SaoCristovao,BR-20940-040,Riode Janeiro,RJ).
Hasonly apassingreference totheOdon. The final instar larva is described and illustrated,
basedonspecimensfromPernambuco,Brazil,and
(16063) CHESALMAH,M.R.,A.ABUHASSAN& akey to the neotropicalPalpopleurinaegenera is
Z.S,AMEILIA,2004.Odonatecommunities (Odo- provided.
312 OdonatologicalAbstracts
(16067) ECHOLS, K.R., D.E. TILLITT, J.W.NI- Asummaryoftheresultsofasystematicinventari-
CHOLS, A.L.SECORD & JRMcCARTY, 2004. sation (2000-2003) atBrdo estate, Slovenia. 782
Accumulation of PCB congeners in nestlingtree plant-and 989 animal spp.wererecorded,incl. 32
swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) onthe Hudson odon.spp. Amongthe latter,Anaciaeschna isosce-
river, NewYork.Envir. Sci. Technol. 38(23):6240- lesistherecentmostaddition (cf.OA 16029).Some
-6246. — (SecondAuthor:U.S.Envir.Prot.Agency, noteworthytaxaarelisted.
NHEERL, MED-Duluth,6201 CondgonBlvd,Du-
luth,MN 55804,USA). (16071) [HANCOX, X], 2004. Early and late dates
Treeswallows wereused asa sentinel sp. tomoni- 1998-2003. Polleric CarrNature Reserve Recorder
torthecontamination and bioavailabilityofpoly- 7:12. — (57Braithwell Rd,Ravenfield,Rotherham,
chlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) in the Hudson R. S654LH,UK).
watershed. The congener PCBs patternsin eggs, Includes acomparativereview (1998-2003)of the
nestlingsand adultswerecomparedtothose found first and lastflyingperioddates for 17odon. spp.
inemergentOdon.andDipterausingprincipalcom- atPottericCarrNature Reserve,Yorkshire,UK.
ponents analysis.TotalPCBs (ng/g,wetweight)in
Odon. (swallows’food items),collected with hand (16072) HANCOX,X,2004.Variedsuccessfordrag-
netsalongtheshoreline from4sites ontheHudson onflies. Potteric CarrNature ReserveRecorder 7: 3.
R.,NY,USAwere;lipid (%)3.6-S.5,andsumofall — (57Braithwell Rd,Ravenfield,Rotherham,S65
PCB congenersanalysed(ng/g) 290-1200. 4LH,UK).
A summary ofthe2003 records of 18spp. atPot-
(16068) ENGLUND,R.A., 2004.Reportforthe2003 teric CarrNatureReserve, Yorkshire,UK.
PacificBiologicalSurvey, Bishop Museum Austral
islands, FrenchPolynesiaexpedition toTubuai and (16073) KJER, K.M.,2004. Aligned18Sandinsect
Rurutu. Fac. Biol. Surv., BishopMus., Honolulu. phylogeny.Syst. Biol.53(3):506-514. - (DeptEcol.
v+29 pp. (WithFr.s.). —(BishopMus.,Honolulu, Evol. &Nat. Resour., 14CollegeFarm Rd,Cook
HA96817,USA). Coll.,RutgersUniv., New Brunswick, NJ08901,
Thebiodiversityassessment oftheFrenchPolyne- USA).
sian islands ofTubuai and Rurutuwasconducted Thenuclear smallsubunit rRNA(18S)has played
during9-28Nov.2003,ThefollowingOdon. arere- adominant role in theestimation ofrelationships
portedfromTubuai:Ischnuraaurora,Anaciaeschna amonginsect orders frommolecular data. There-
jaspidea,Anax(?)guttatus.Diplacodesbipunctata. lationships among Odon. are unexpected. Many
Pantalaflavescens andTholymistillarga,and thefol- studies haveshownbothAnisopteraandZygoptera
lowingfromRurutu: I.aurora,Ischnura sp. n..A, to be monophyletic,asdo unpublisheddata from
jaspidea,D.bipunctata,P.flavescensandT.tillarga. the28SandEF-lafromAuthor’slaboratory.There
Theundescribed Ischnurasp.n.isthethirdendemic arevery few variable characters among Odon. in
zygopteran found in theAustral Islands and indi- the entire 18S.This mayexplainwhy theBayesian
cates thisgenus hasamazingdispersalabilities by analysesfailtorecoverAnisoptera,whileparsimony
findingevensmall,isolated islands suchasRurutu succeeds; becauseagroupwithvirtuallynochange
(surface32.3km2) and Raivavae (16.7km2). on the terminal branches is both “unlikely” and
parsimonious.
(16069) ESENKO, I., 2004.Blosdica innjeniraki. -
[TheBlosCica streamand itscrabs]. Mojmali Svet (16074) KOSKIMAK1,J„M.J,RANTALA,J.TASK-
36(10):54-55. (Slovene). - (Author’saddress not INEN,K.TYNKKYNEN&J.SUHONEN,2004.
stated). Immunocompetenceandresourceholdingpotential
Calopteryxvirgoismentioned fromthestream;— in the damselflyCalopteryx virgo L. Behav. Ecol.
Slovenia. 15(1): 169-173. - (DeptBiol. &Envir. Sci.,Univ.
Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 34,FIN-40014Jyvaskyla).
(16070) GEISTER,I.,2004. Aninventoryofplants Itis generallybelieved thatresource holdingpo-
and animals of Brdo near Kranj. Kronika 52(2): tentialreliablyreflects 6 quality,butempiricalevi-
273-284. (Slovene, with Engl. & Germ. s’s). — dence showingthisisscarce.Hereitis shownthat
(KocjanciiSi18,SI-6276Pobegi). the outcome of 6-6 competitionmaypredict 6
OdonatologicalAbstracts 313
immunocompetenceintheterritorialC.virgo.Con- 181-193);—Jourdain,B.:Decouverte deMacromia
testswerestagedbetween 27pairsof33 anditwas splendens(Pictet,1843)enGironde (Odonata,Ani-
found that winners ofthecontests showed higher soptera,Macromiidae)(pp.194-196);- Deschanel,
immunocompetence,measured asencapsulation M.:Observationsd’odonates danslamontagnear-
response, comparedwith that of losers.Further- dechoise (p. 196); - Meurgey, F: Sur la collec-
more,thewinners hadlargerfatreserves.29 33 that tion d’odonates deGuyanefranyaisedu Museum
had notbeenused in stagedcontests werealsocol- d’Histoire naturelle de Nantes (pp. 197-198);—
lected,anditwasfoundthatin theseencapsulation Pont, B.: Contribution alaconnaissance des ©do-
response correlated positivelywith anindividual’s natesdeGuadeloupeetdeMartinique(pp.199-203);
fatreserves.Bothimmunocompetenceandresource Dommanget,J.-L:.Calopteryx haemorrhoida-
holdingpotentialseemtodependonenergyreserves, lis(VanderLinden, 1825)dansle departementde
suggestingatrade-off between parasiteresistance 1’Aveyron(Odonata,Zygoptera,Calopterygidae)(p.
and energeticallycostly territorial behaviour. The 204); - Grand,D.:Calopteryxh.haemorrhoidalis
results suggestthatthe outcome of 3-3 contest (VanderLinden, 1825),uneespeceaccidental du
canbeusedtopredict6qualityintermsofimmune departementdu Doubs(Odonata,Zygoptera,Ca-
defense. lopterygidae) (p.205); — Dommanget,J.-L:. Ru-
briquebibliographique(pp.206-210).
(16075) KOTARAC, M„ A. SALAMUN & M.
GOVED1C, 2004. Natura 2000 vrste v naravnih (16078) TYNKKYNEN, K., M.J. RANTALA &
in antropogenihvodnih habitatih: primer kacjih J. SUHONEN, 2004. Interspecificaggressionand
pastirjev. — [Natura2000;species in natural and characterdisplacementinthedamselflyCalopteryx
anthropogenicaquatichabitats,the caseofdrag- splendens.Jevol. Biol. 17:759-767. - (FirstAuthor:
onflies]. MiksiCevvodarskiDan. PSSN 1318-2226] DeptBiol. &Envir, Sci.,P.O. Box35, FIN-40014
15:91-97. (Slovene).- (CKFF,Zemljemerska 10, University ofJyvaskyla).
SI-1000Ljubljana). Problemsinspeciesrecognitionarethoughttoaffect
Deals with Coenagrionornatum,Ophiogomphus theevolution ofsecondarysexualcharactersmainly
cecilia,Cordulegasterherosand Leucorrhiniapec- through avoidance ofmaladaptivehybridization.
toralis. - Forthecomprehensiveoriginalpublica- Another,butmuch lessstudied avenuefortheevo-
tion,seeOA 15133. lution ofsexual characters duetospeciesrecogni-
tionproblemsisthroughinterspecificaggression.In
(16076) kovAcs, t, a.ambrus,p. juhAsz& C.splendens, d3have pigmentedwingspots asa
K. BANKUTI, 2004. Larval andexuvial data on sexualcharacter. Large-spotted<J 3 resemble <J3
theOdonatafauna ofHungary.Foliahisl.-nat. Mas. ofanothersp.,C.virgo,causingpotentialproblems
malraensis 28: 97-110. (Hung., with Engl. s.). — in species recognition.Inthisstudy, it wasinvesti-
(FirstAuthor: Matra Muz., Kossuth Lajosu.40, gatedwhether there ischaracter displacementin
HU-3200 Gyongyos). wingspotsizeandwhether interspecificaggression
1458recordsarepresentedfor 54spp.from363sites couldcausethispattern.Itwasfoundfirstthatwing
in Hungary,coveringtheperiod 1988-2002, spotsizeofC,splendensin populationsdecreased
withincreasingrelative abundance ofC.virgo.Sec-
(16077) MARTINIA. RevuescientifiquedelaSociete ondly, C. virgo 33weremore aggressivetowards
frangaised’odonatologie(ISSN0297-0902),Vol.20, large-than small-spottedC.splendens66.Thirdly,
No.4(Dec.2004).(MostlywithEngl.s’s).—(c/oJ.-L. ininterspecificcontestsC.virgo33hadbetterter-
Dommanget,7rueLamartine,F-78390Bois-d'Arcy). ritoryholdingabilitythanC.splendens33.These
Faton,J.-M.&C.Deliry:Surveillance delapopula- resultssuggestthatinterspecificaggressionmayhave
tiondeCoenagrionmercuriale (Charpentier,1840) causedcharacterdisplacementinwingspotsizeof
dans la Reserve naturelle des Ramieres du Val de C.splendens, because the intensity ofaggression
Drome(Odonata,Zygoptera,Coenagrionidae)(pp. towardslarge-spottedd dislikelytoincreasewith
163-179); - Ilbert, N. & J. Menegaux:Observa- relative abundance ofC. virgo 33.Thusinterspe-
tionsd’odonates en Guadeloupe(PetitesAntilles cificaggressionmaybeanevolutionarily significant
fran?aises)(p. 180); - Leroy, T:Les odonates du force thatisable tocausedivergencein secondary
departementdu Cantal:etatdesconnaissances(pp. sexualcharacters.
314 OdonatologicalAbstracts
(16079) VALVASOR,J.V.,2004. Rastlineiniivalina wasprobablycausedby waterpollutionandbyloss
Kranjskem. —[TheCarniolian plantsandanimals]. ofhabitat,triggeredbyriver andstreamcanalisa-
J.V. ValvasorFoundation atthe Slovene Academy tion andchangedmanagementofthewateredges.
ofSciences andArts,Ljubljana,ii+50pp., 163col. Nowadaysthesp.hasreappearedinseveralWEuro-
pis excl. Hardcover (32.5x40.0cm),weight4.1kg. peanrivers,mostlikelysoduetoclimatechange,as
ISBN961-6242-56-3. [Bibliothecavalvasoriana,Vol. thelarvaeshowpreferenceforwarmersitesandthe
18,edited by L. Gostisa], Price: f 150.- approx. adultsmaybealsosensitivetohighertemperatures.
Available also in bibliophilicedn. (Threelingual: Recent observations in the Rhine and the Meuse
Slovene, Engl.,Croatian). rivers suggestthatthe habitatconnectivitymay be
This impressivevolume ismarkedasa“dotisk”(= enhanced bytheimprovementofwaterqualityand
supplementaryvolume) ofJ.V. Valvasor’s (1641- by thecreation oflarval and adulthabitats in na-
-1693) graphiccollection,titled “Underschiedliche turedevelopmentprograms.Therequiredcorridors
Fruchl/ Bluemen / Krautter wie auch VoglIFisch areoflinear typewith nodes(larvae)and stepping
I Thier/ Ungeziffer anddergleichen...”and dated stones(adults).
1685. However,inthat year,onlythe(German)title
pagewasprinted,while thepis actually remained (16081) VON DER OHE, PC.& M.LIESS, 2004.
unpublished,therefore thepresentedn is the first Relative sensitivity distribution of aquaticinver-
publishededn ofthecomplete1685 work. Thepis tebrates toorganic and metal compounds.Envir.
(watercolours)arereproducedin theoriginalcol- Toxicol. Chem. 23(1): 150-156. —(DeptChem.Eco-
ourand size.Theoriginaltitle pageisfacsimilere- toxicol., UFZCent. Envir. Res.,Permoserstr. 15,
producedand itstranslations inSlovene,Engl,and D-04318 Leipzig).
Croatian,printedinthesametypographicstyle,are Theavailable information isgroupedtoassignsensi-
added. Thethreelingualtextconsistsofcomments tivitiestoaquaticinvertebratetaxarelative toDaph-
andannotations onpis and ontherepresentedor- nia magna. Asfar asthe insects areconcerned,
ganisms.Theodon.areshown onpis29-30,52and with respect toorganic compounds,most taxa of
74,andannotatedonpp. 11,25and39,Thetextwas Coleoptera,Diptera,Ephemeroptera,Heteroptera,
providedby M.Gogala,and taxonomicidentifica- TrichopteraandOdon.(Ischnuraelegans,Lestidae,
tionsby B.Kiauta.This istheearliestknownwork Orthetrum sp.)areless sensitive than D. magna,
dealingwith theOdon. ofSlovenia. - SeealsoOA while Plecoptera aresignificantly more sensitive.
7316and 7706. For metal compounds,ca30% ofthe investigated
taxa weremoresensitive than D.magna.
(16080) VAN DER SLUIS, T„M. BLOEMEN&
I.M.BOUWMA,2004. Europeancorridors. Strat- (16082) WANG, Z.J.,2004.Theroleofdragininsect
egiesfor corridor developmentfor target species. hovering.J. exp.Biol 207:4147-4155. - (Theor.&
ECNC, Tilburg & Alterra, Wageningen.32 pp. Appl.Mechanics,Cornell Univ.,Ithaca,NY 14853,
ISBN 90-76762-16-3. - (Orders to: Alterra,RO. USA).
Box47,NL-6700 AAWageningen). Studiesofinsectflighthavefocusedonaerodynamic
Corridors facilitate biological processes such as lift,bothinquasi-steadyandunsteadyregimes.This
dispersal,migrationor the regionalmovement of ispartly influenced bythe choice ofhoveringmo-
animals. Theystrengthen the spatialcohesion of tionsalonga horizontal strokeplane,where aero-
thenetwork ofhabitat patches, whichiscritical to dynamicdragmakesnocontribution tothevertical
manyspp.Here,examplesofcorridordevelopment force.Incontrast,someofthebest hoverers,drag-
arepresentedfor 9 spp,,suggestingpractical solu- onfliesandhoverflies,employinclined strokeplanes,
tions for specific problems in the field ofhabitat wherethedraginthedown-andupstrokesdoesnot
fragmentationandloss.Gomphusflavipesisamong canceleachother.Here,computationofanidealized
thespp,treated. Itisincluded intheEuropeanRed- dragonflywingmotionshowsthatadragonflyuses
List, the EU Habitats Directive (App. IV) and in dragtosupportaboutthree quarters ofitsweight.
theBern Convention (App.II),anditislisted asan Thiscanexplainananomalousfactoroffourinpre-
endangeredsp.ontheIUCN Red-List. G.flavipes viousestimates ofdragonflyliftcoefficients,where
was extinctfromthe Rhine R. and most other W dragwasassumedtobesmall. —Toinvestigateforce
Europeanrivers for almost acentury.The decline generationandenergycostofhoveringflightusing
