Oceanography: The Past: Proceedings of the Third International Congress on the History of Oceanography, held September 22–26, 1980 at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA on the occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of t

830 Pages·1980·28.541 MB·English

by  Paul M. Fye (auth.), Mary Sears, Daniel Merriman (eds.)

Proceedings of the
Third International Congress on the
History of Oceanography
held September 22-26, 1980, at the
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA on the
occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of
",oc~~"OG"~"'Iy~
the founding of the Institution (' ~.~)
~~f
OCEANOGRAPHY:
THE PAST
Edited by
M. Sears and D. Merriman
With 111 Figures
Springer-Verlag
New York Heidelberg Berlin
MARY SEARS
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543,
USA
DANIEL MERRIMAN
Professor Emeritus of Biology, Yale University
298 Sperry Road, Bethany, Connecticut 06525, USA
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
International Congress on the His.tory of Oceanography.
3d, Woods Hole, Mass., 1980
Oceanography, the past.
"This volume . . . represents the proceedings of the Third International
Congress on the History of Oceanography, organized under the auspices of the
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, to be held at Woods Hole, Mas
sachusetts, U.S.A., September 22-26, 1980."
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. Oceanography-History-Congresses. I. Sears,
Mary. II. Merriman, Daniel. III. Woods Hole, Mass. Oceanographic
Institution. IV. Title.
GC29.157 1980 551.46'009 80-16940
All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form without
written permission from Springer-Verlag. The use of general descriptive names,
trade names, trademarks, etc. in this publication, even if the former are not
especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood
by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used
freely by anyone.
© 1980 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1980
9 8 7 6 543 2 I
ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-8092-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-8090-0
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-8090-0
Preface
This volume, "Oceanography: The Past," is the Proceedings of the Third Inter
national Congress on the History of Oceanography, organized under the auspices
of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution at Woods Hole, Massachusetts,
USA, September 22-26, 1980.
The Congress is a part of the year-long celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary
of the founding of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. It will be followed
by an Assembly, September 29 -October 2, in which invited speakers will address
the question, ''Will we use the oceans wisely-the next SO years in oceanogra
phy?" The papers from the Assembly will also be published by Springer-Verlag
as "Oceanography: The Present and Future," a companion volume to this book.
The First International Congress on the History of Oceanography was held at
the Musee Ocean~graphique in Monaco, December 12-17, 1966. It coincided
with the centennial of the beginning of the distinguished career of Prince Albert I
as a student and patron of oceanography, for it was in 1866 that he first went to
sea-on the armored frigate Tetuan of the Royal Spanish Navy. The results of
this Congress were published as 57 papers in the Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanogra
phique (special no. 2, vols. 1-3, pp. XLII + 807, 1968).
The Second International Congress on the History of Oceanography followed
in Edinburgh, September 12-20, 1972. It marked the H.M.S. Challenger Expe
dition (1872-1876) centenary, and the results appeared as 87 papers published at
the time of the Congress in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
(section B (Biology), vols. 72 + 73, pp. xvi + 897, 1972}.
During the Second Congress the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution offered
to host the Third Congress in 1980, and preliminary arrangements were made
VI Preface
with the International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science; subse
quent approval was obtained from the Centre International d'Histoire de l'Ocean
ographie. The Organizing Committee took form in late 1977 and was subsequent
ly composed of the following members: Honorary, Jacqueline Carpine-Lancre
(Monaco) and William H. Rutherford (Edinburgh); Chairman, Daniel Merriman;
and Peter G. Brewer, Harold L. Burstyn, Kenneth O. Emery, Paul M. Fye, James
R. Heirtzler, John L. Heyl, Charles S. Innis, Jr., Bostwick H. Ketchum, Roger R.
Revelle, Susan Schlee, Mary Sears, John H. Steele, H. Burr Steinbach and Richard
C. Vetter. It met in part or in whole 12 times in 1978-1980. The preliminary
work was carried out almost entirely from the Chairman's home in Bethany,
Connecticut. In the initial stages Daniel Merriman was fortunate in having Mrs.
Arnold Pfenninger, Jr., to lend a hand. In the later phases, particularly with re
spect to editorial matters, Mrs. Philip K. Bondy was an ever-present and efficient
colleague. Throughout the whole endeavor Mrs. Daniel Merriman was a wise, tol
erant and encouraging spirit, helpful in myriad matters. In Woods Hole, where
the volume was chiefly edited and assembled, Mrs. Jane Zentz gave unstintingly
of her time to provide the editors with neat copy and Mr. Charles S. Innis was
most helpful in making arrangements for prompt publication.
Despite the constraints of time and space, the editorial process has been a
gratifying experience, in large measure owing to the general understanding and
cooperation of the authors. Manuscripts were due at the end of August 1979 and
they were completely edited and in the hands of the publisher by February 1,
1980. For want of time, proof reading will be done entirely by the editors who
bear full responsibility for any inaccuracies or oversights. The index was com
piled by Mary Sears.
Because of the diversity of subject matter, it was not always possible to group
the individual papers in convenient categories and their arrangement in this book
follows the sequence in which they will be given at the Congress. It should also
be noted that many more excellent papers were submitted than could be incor
porated in the open afternoon sessions. The selection was made by a committee
of seven, with each member rendering his or her individual judgment and the
whole giving rise to a composite from which the contents of the Congress was re
solved. It is regretted that limitations in the time available for paper presentations
made such selection necessary. The morning symposia were organized in consul
tation with their respective chairmen.
Support for various aspects of the Congress was provided by the Andrew W.
Mellon Foundation, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization, the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Geological Survey, the
Marine Biological Laboratory, the Northeast Fisheries Center of National Marine
Fisheries Service, NOAA, and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Summer, 1980 MARY SEARS AND DANIEL MERRIMAN
Contents
1 The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: A Commentary
PaulM. Fye . .................................. . 1
2 The Oceanographic and How It Grew
Roger Revelle . ................................. . 10
3 The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: An Expanding
Influence
George E. R. Deacon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4 Changing Concepts of the Sea, 1550-1950: An Urban
Perspective
Josef w. Konvitz. . . . . . . . . . . ..................... . 32
5 The 1959 Oceanographic Congress: An Informal History
Dael Wolfle : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6 The R/V Atlantis and Her First Oceanographic Institution
Susan Schlee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... . 49
7 Reviving American Oceanography: Frank Lillie, Wickliffe
Rose and the Founding of the Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution
Harold L. Burstyn ............................... . 57
VIII Contents
8 Growth of an Oceanographic Institution
Richard L. Haedrich and Kenneth O. Emery. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 67
9 Alexander Agassiz (1835-1910) and the Financial Support
of Oceanography in the United States
Donald J. Zinn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
10 The Annisquam Sea-side Laboratory of Alpheus Hyatt,
Predecessor of the Marine Biological Laboratory at
Woods Hole, 1880-1886
Ralph W. Dexter . ................................ 94
11 Some Aspects of Anglo-American Co-operation in Marine
Science, 1660-1914
Margaret Deacon. . . . . . . .......................... 101
12 Edward H. Smith and the 1928 Marion Expedition Revisited:
A Compilation
V. Wendell-Driggers . .............................. 114
13 The Role ofT. Wayland Vaughan in American Oceanography
Elizabeth N. Shor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. 127
14 A Brief History of the Tortugas Marine Laboratory and the
Department of Marine Biology, Carnegie Institution of
Washington
Patrick L. Colin. . . . . . . . . . . . ...................... 138
15 Some Aspects of the History of Oceanography as Seen
through the Publications of the International Hydrographic
Bureau 1919-1939
G. S. Ritchie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 148
16 The Plan for an International Oceanographic Congress
Proposed by H. S. H. the Prince Albert lst of Monaco
Jacqueline Carpine-Lancre . .......................... 157
17 Oceanographic Prescience: The Deliberations of the First
U.S. Interagency Conference on Oceanography, July 1,1924
Stewart B. Nelson . ............................... 168
18 Some Historical Backgrounds for the Establishment of the
Stazione Zoologica at Naples
Jane M. Oppenheimer . ............................. 179
Contents IX
19 A Review ofWtist's Classification of the Major Deep-sea
Expeditions 1873-1960 and Its Extension to Recent
Oceanographic Research Programs
Matthias Tomczak, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 188
20 The Role of Instruments in the Development of Physical
Oceanography
Myrl C. Hendershott. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 195
21 Meso-scale Spatial Distribution of Plankton: Co-evolution
of Concepts and Instrumentation
Alex Herman and Trevor Platt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 204
22 Some Origins and Perspectives in Deep-ocean
Instrumentation Development
Fred Noel Spiess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 226
23 The Historical Development of Tidal Science, and the
liverpool Tidal Institute
D. E. Cartwright. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 240
24 Six's Thermometer: A Century of Use in Oceanography
Anita McConnell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 252
25 North Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Observations:
A History
Kern E. Kenyon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 267
26 Some Aspects of the Historical Development on the
Studies of the Kuroshio and the Oyashio
Kiyomitsu Kitano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 280
27 Seasonal Changes in the Suez Canal Following Its Opening
in 1869; Newly Discovered Hydrographic Records of
1870-1872
Selim A. Morcos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 290
28 The First Geological-Oceanological Studies of the Black Sea
(N. F. Andrusov, A. D. Arkhangel'sky, N. M. Strakhov)
v. V. Tikhomirov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 306
29 The First Deep Ocean Drilling
Willard Bascom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 316
x
Contents
30 Geological and Oceanographical Studies in the Caspian
Sea and Problems of Oil and Gas Deposits
Sh. F. Mekhtiyev and Z. A. Buniat-Zade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 325
31 The Development of Marine Chemistry until 1900
William 1. Wallace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 336
32 Physical Oceanography of the Chilean Sea:
An Historical Study
Guillermo Ba"os G.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 344
33 From the Physiology of Marine Organisms to Oceanographic
Physiology or Physiological Oceanography
Maurice Fontaine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 353
34 Alexander Agassiz, Carl Chun and the Problem of
the Intermediate Fauna
Eric L. Mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
35 The British Association Dredging Committee:
A Brief History
A. L. Rice and 1. B. Wilson . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. 373
36 Development of Knowledge of the Correlation
between Land and Sea in Historical Times
I. A. Fedoseyev . ................................. 386
37 A Commemoration on the 50th Anniversary of the
William Beebe-Otis Barton Bathysphere Dives
Kenneth Gold and Jacqueline C Warsaw. . . . . . . . . ........ 393
38 Marine Industrial Pollution
Bostwick H. Ketchum . . . . . . . . . . . .................. 397
39 The History of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pollution
in the Marine Environment
Arne Jemel6v. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ 414
40 Artificial Radionuclides in the Oceans
William L. Templeton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 420
41 The Royal Society and the Study of Coral Reefs
C. Maurice Yonge ................................ 438