Table Of ContentPlate Tectonics and
Volcanic Activity
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At least 15 plates of oceanic and continental crust move
slowly but constantly across Earth’s surface. Contact at
their boundaries causes most of the world’s volcanoes and
earthquakes.
Maps
Geographic
National
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Oceanography
An Invitation to
Marine Science
9e
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RALPH LEE HOPKINS/National Geographic Creative
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Oceanography
An Invitation to
Marine Science
9e
Tom Garrison
Orange Coast College
University of Southern California
Robert Ellis
Orange Coast College
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
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Oceanography: An Invitation to Marine Science, © 2016, 2013 Cengage Learning
Ninth Edition
WCN: 02-200-203
Tom Garrison and Robert Ellis
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To our families and our students,
our hope for the future.
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About the Authors
Tom Garrison (Ph.D., Uni- Robert Ellis (M.E.S.M., Uni-
versity of Southern California) versity of California, Santa
is emeritus professor of Ma- Barbara) has been teaching
rine Science at Orange Coast marine, earth, and environ-
College (OCC) in Costa Mesa, mental science courses in
California, one of the largest both the classroom and in
undergraduate marine science the field since 2000. He cur-
departments in the United rently serves as Assistant
States. Dr. Garrison also holds ment Professor in the Marine Sci-
aUfcEroinondnru eaunindv ciatTejaru.rte yHosnc’isrcht e ytObn hpyoouar ltftosoh s fgbtSeeaye osnN esudoSntairo hntnsciehgaoirme innpMtay e al,Cad tMr iattishhnl aieeea-- Orange Coast College PR depart eCCcttoianooa mcndlaeiaepsf otlvuD refisnl,Ceeo iplapoRda. l roalcetnbomWgdeuere r httnse eeitanno sc af htitnes nion Onmou ttrteha ahrrenenilongrpannee-s
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magazine. He was a winner of ate work focused on Marine
the prestigious Salgo-Noren Foundation Award for Excellence Resource Management at
in College Teaching. Dr. Garrison was an Emmy Award team UC Santa Barbara, and he has
participant as writer and science advisor for the PBS syndicated participated in and managed
Oceanus television series and writer and science advisor for The research projects and edu-
Endless Voyage, a set of television programs in oceanography cational programs in many
completed in 2003. His widely used textbooks in oceanography parts of the world. He hopes
and marine science are the college market’s best sellers. In 2009, to have the good fortune to
the faculty of OCC selected Dr. Garrison as the institution’s first continue to travel and explore
DAsissoticnigatuiiosnh eodf CProomfemssuonr,i tayn Cd oilnle g2e0 1T0r,u hstee ews aass hthoen ooruetdst abnyd tinhge tahned wsoonrl, dK waliethn .his wife, Katie, Robert Ellis
community college professor in western North America.
His interest in the ocean dates from his earliest memories.
As he grew up with a U.S. Navy admiral as a dad, the subject
was hard to avoid! He had the good fortune to meet great
teachers who supported and encouraged this interest. Years as
a midshipman and commissioned naval officer continued the
marine emphasis; graduate school and 421 years of teaching
have allowed him to pass his oceanic enthusiasm to more than
65,000 students. Although he retired from full-time professor-
ing in 2011, he continues to bother OCC staff and students on
a regular basis.
Dr. Garrison travels extensively and most recently served
as a guest lecturer at the University of Hong Kong, the Uni-
versity of Tasmania (Australia), and the National University
of Singapore. He has been married to an astonishingly patient
lady for more than 47 years, has a daughter who teaches in a
local public school, a diligent son-in-law, two astonishingly cute
granddaughters and a fresh new grandson, and a son who, along
with his fashionista wife, works in international trade. He and
his family live in and around Newport Beach, California, USA.
Top photo: Brian J. Skerry/National Geographic Creative
vi
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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