Ocean Ambient Noise: Measurement and Theory

279 Pages·2011·5.79 MB·English

by  William M. Carey

MonographSeriesin
UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS
SponsoredbyOfficeofNavalResearch
EditorialBoard: JeffreyA.Simmen,Ph.D.,Chair
HomerP.Bucker,Ph.D.
IraDyer,Ph.D.
FinnB.Jenson,Ph.D.
EllenS.Livingston,Ph.D.
Forfurthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/5535
MonographSeriesin
UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS
In2001theOfficeofNavalResearchbeganaprogramtopublishaselectedmono-
graph series in the field of underwater acoustics. The series publishes in-depth
reviewsandanalysisonthestateofunderstandingofthephysicsofsoundinselected
areasofresearch.
Themonographseriescoversthemostimportanttopicsinunderwatersoundinan
in-depth, critical, scholarly, and comprehensive fashion. It is intended to provide
researchers with an understanding of the physics of underwater sound, based on
both theory and experiment. The discussion of important unanswered questions is
encouraged.Topicsofparticularimportanceinthefieldarelow-frequencysoundin
thedeepocean,shallow-wateracoustics,andambientnoise.
Sponsoredby
:
OfficeofNavalResearch
OneLibertyCenter
875NorthRandolphStreet,Suite1425
Arlington,VA22203-1995
E-mail:[email protected]
SeriesEditors
:
JeffreyA.Simmen,Ph.D. HomerP.Bucker,Ph.D.
AppliedPhysicsLaboratory SpaceandNavalWarfareSystems
Center,retired
UniversityofWashington
808MoanaDrive
1013NE40thStreet
SanDiego,CA92106
Seattle,WA98105-6698 E-mail:[email protected]
E-mail:[email protected]
IraDyer,Ph.D. FinnB.Jensen,Ph.D.
WeberShaughnessProfessor EmeritusScientist
NATOUnderseaResearchCentre
ofOceanEngineering,Emeritus
19126LaSpezia,Italy
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
E-mail:[email protected]
Cambridge,MA02139
EllenS.Livingston,Ph.D.
AssociateDirector
OceanandUnderseaScience
U.S.OfficeofNavalResearchGlobal
86BlenheimCrescent
WestRuislip,MiddlesexHA47HB
UnitedKingdom
E-mail:[email protected]
William M. Carey
Richard B. Evans
Ocean Ambient Noise
Measurement and Theory
123
WilliamM.Carey RichardB.Evans
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering NorthStonington
BostonUniversity CT06359-1038,USA
OldLyme,CT05371,USA
[email protected]
ISBN978-1-4419-7831-8 e-ISBN978-1-4419-7832-5
DOI10.1007/978-1-4419-7832-5
SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondon
©WilliamM.CareyandRichardB.Evans2011
Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewritten
permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York,
NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Usein
connectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,
orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden.
Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyare
notidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubject
toproprietaryrights.
Printedonacid-freepaper
SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)
InMemoriam
InMarch2008welostRalphGoodman,who
greatlyinspiredthecreationofthis
monographseriesinunderwateracoustics.
Hisencouragementandsupportwerecritical
tothesuccessfuldevelopmentofthis
importantseries.
Hewillbemissed.
ThisisBlankPageIntegra vi
Series Preface
Theefficacyofsoundtopenetratetheseasmadeacousticsystemsinthepastcen-
tury the leading tools for sensing objects in and measuring properties of the seas.
For over 60 years, the US Office of Naval Research (ONR) has been a major
sponsorofundersearesearchanddevelopmentatuniversities,nationallaboratories,
andindustrialorganizations.AppropriatelyONRisthesponsorofthismonograph
series.
Theintentoftheseriesistosummarizerecentaccomplishmentsin,andtooutline
perspectivesfor,underwateracousticsinspecificfieldsofresearch.Thegeneralfield
has escalated in importance and spread broadly with richness and depth of under-
standing. It has also, quite naturally, become more specialized. The goal of this
series is to present monographs that critically review both past and recent accom-
plishments in order to address the shortcomings in present understanding. In this
way, these works will bridge the gaps in understanding among the specialists and
favorably color the direction of new research and development. Each monograph
isintendedtobeastand-aloneadvancedcontributiontothefield.Wetrustthatthe
readerwillalsofindthateachisacriticalintroductiontorelatedspecializedtopics
ofinterestaswell.
ONRhassponsoredtheseriesthroughgrantstotheauthors.Authorsareselected
byONRbasedonthequalityandrelevanceofeachproposalandtheauthor’sexpe-
rience in the field. The Editorial Board, selected by ONR, has, at times, provided
independentviewstoONRinthisprocess.Itssoleofficialrole,however,istojudge
themanuscriptsbeforepublicationandtoassisteachauthorathisrequestthrough
theprocesswithsuggestionsandbroadencouragement.
JeffreyA.Simmen,Ph.D.
HomerP.Bucker,Ph.D.
IraDyer,Ph.D.
FinnB.Jensen,Ph.D.
EllenS.Livingston,Ph.D.
vii
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Acknowledgments
ThismonographispartoftheOfficeofNavalResearchOceanAcousticsProgram
MonographSeriesonUnderwaterAcousticsandwaspartiallyfundedbyagrantto
BostonUniversityforoff-campusefforts.Theprojectwasundertheguidanceofan
editorial board: Drs. Homer Bucker, Ira Dyer, Ralph Goodman, Finn Jensen, and
JeffreySimmen.Theauthorsareindebtedtothisboardforitsencouragement,guid-
ance,andconstructivecriticisms.Wearealsoappreciativeoftheexcellentreviews
anddiscussionsofthemonographwithDr.ChristianDeMoustier.
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