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51806_cover 9/22/08 3:49 PM Page 1 G C O C M Y CM MY CY CMY K O A • L O N T S V S O I A E I HA MI ON FE ME S C C • T Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety INVSUES • OMPLIS • INDOCCUPY AND Occupational Health Reese A OCCLVhhaaSrrAllFeess ADDNC.. RRUeeSTeesseeATI N E E E RI O D M TY • A and INJU HEAL ENT CO WOR L HY Safety Management OPR RIE TH • W MM KPL G c E S • O U A c V • H R NI C uE EOccuEpatAionaKl HeaClth E pN N R Z F A A Practical Approach MatioVIRO TION GON ARD I ORCE TION SSeeccoonndd EEddiittiioonn A N • O D I n E Dhessmodoeoiwavtnielo-l letnboos epost-c fe a otOdomf ctitecomhu eappp llrbaaeoltmruvigoieeednpnseartt -iilnssn aHitgz ffeee oadatryn lc ot aohocnm ccaudcpnup ahdpane taSiiaeotailsnotf.hea nC tlas yostl uamMsdfapeaeftenenyta tetaysgn natwedlynmi thdfheoe hnlaaloetln:twa h Auli tnm nhPgd ar ieainnnrcia stttigtihaaceetanmisvlde eeAi n,nop gtvtp he foroerosfr i fazttihhercshdeet EIDIENA PracticNVal Health TOINLVAEGMEEMMENENT TINALO SISHSAUaa EMCnnOICddMSP •L IINNDTUIFSICTNATVIOOLN footsteps, the updated and expanded second edition continues to provide a R aaFI N V S A RI chNoeemawlpt hri neinh t ehthnees iS vweeoc roakpnppdlar oEcead.cithio tno: the development and management of safety andIOSHAGl Appro ON SafendOMCIATIOSNTa •f eSAtFyEO LMVEaMnE• aSAgFeETNmCEe •nWAtL •••CEHxoopvwae nrtoad gemed a oakfte tbr ibebehutatteevsiro our-fs beaa coscfei ddae csncaitdf ereetnypt o airnntvidne gfsitnigaantciionngs health and safety INVSSUES •achC ty MaOMPLCIS • IND• OCCUTPY ANDN T • WOY COMMOR •Revised information regarding multi-employer worksites and outsourcing OL SnaA AN US AT HE RK U Tpcohr••omisgAV mribdoaoodlmneiot nsikso,c a nettfahae sketle ye s ciseadt icneaotdnin o tt honiefetsixaca poalla tnthmni o pdtanoren oodoafl esfgt ,osh esa amicnozodenav naretdhtlr i essat,m h pdte peha vretnooe dmlpao icepicht tmioh gtfieao cnbts ituto holnleyf ioandf ge shavaefezlo awprodmrsPke bfnoRytIr ctoNehf e Athw JurrosiNUetut egonhDRf I HEEAVLETMHgementE NFTE •T YW COCME M•AW POTrRRaIKcAPtLLi cHaIYOlG NAIAEppL rAIoNLaTJUcHhR• HFAOZRAC cboemhamvuionri-cbaatisoends asanfde ttrya, iinnivnogl.v Tehmee anut,th aonr dc otvraerins imngo,t iavantdio andald treecshsneisq utreasc EkinincVlgu dainngd S • • H OR UNI AC NE IES afawaonucruciddtnee ithdp saeat, a atpaiblrontolhnedg. rsaNratinusmokadt, le jyfiunrdzosetetsm n janot infebby e oi hnhdtafah otzz oraasm arrfddufaessnt, ti couyitn nsiaovianonnlg ld tv ae ecshxh wteee, oacftfhrkletklihcsies t rthihssvo ,aea w iznlmal-dutra osdcnt osrbaa.no gtdHoieuokercn s tds pto,ehr Emfdoe iwvioariN ongdhrsreakatsrzpVm aalttarhsed,cIes efh Rih sgusotnuarOwotrfiEee nnttsoggyN,NMTIONE SE•Red cGOitoiOonndNAOZMAIRD IKSSDFEeeONRccCooEC AnnINTddIO N EEES Ed•dN iiVttIR•ii oOoPNRnnEVE •NT photographs, and tables that clarify the content. ENTA SHA CS • I TIFICVOLV MAN MEN 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW ISBN: 9785-11-8402600-5180-3 L ISS COM NDU ATIO EME AGE TA www.carn cinpforrmea sbussi.ncessom S2N2Au7 bePi0iwtane rMg kY3d oaS0ordq0kniu,,s, o aBNOrnoeYx c,A o a1Mvn 0Re i0nOalt1tuoXo6enn1 4,P Fa4LrRk 3N3,4 U8K7 9 781420 051803 90000 UES • PLIANSTRIAN • OCNT • SMEN S C L C A A E H U F F • Y P E ET W GI AT T I Y C ORK ENE ON O P A M L • A M C Charles D. Reese Occupational Health and Safety Management A Practical Approach Second Edition Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business 5511880066__CC000000..iinndddd ii 99//1155//22000088 1100::1199::0033 PPMM CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20131121 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-5181-0 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti- lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy- ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Dedication This book is dedicated to those employers and safety and health professionals who are working diligently to provide a workplace free from the safety and health hazards which could adversely affect their workforce. 5511880066__CC000000..iinndddd iiiiii 99//1155//22000088 1100::1199::0033 PPMM 5511880066__CC000000..iinndddd iivv 99//1155//22000088 1100::1199::0033 PPMM Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................................xix Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................................................xxi Author ..........................................................................................................................................xxiii Chapter 1 ..........................................................................................................................................1 In the Beginning: Introduction ..........................................................................................................1 History ..........................................................................................................................................2 Numbers ........................................................................................................................................7 True Bottom Line .........................................................................................................................8 Content ..........................................................................................................................................8 Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................................................15 Making a Commitment: Management’s Commitment and Involvement ..............................................................................................................................15 Management’s Commitment and Involvement ...........................................................................15 Roles and Responsibilities ..........................................................................................................19 Management ...........................................................................................................................19 Safety and Health Professional ..............................................................................................19 First-Line Supervisor .............................................................................................................20 Worker ....................................................................................................................................21 Responsibility .............................................................................................................................22 Employee Responsibility .......................................................................................................22 Discipline ....................................................................................................................................23 Management Accountability .......................................................................................................23 Supervisory Accountability ........................................................................................................24 Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................................................25 Being a Part: Workforce Involvement .............................................................................................25 Involvement ................................................................................................................................26 Joint Labor/Management Safety and Health Committees .........................................................26 Committee Makeup ...............................................................................................................27 Record Keeping .....................................................................................................................27 Do’s and Don’ts of L/M Committees .....................................................................................28 Organizing a Joint Committee ...............................................................................................29 Expectations ...........................................................................................................................29 Outcomes ...............................................................................................................................29 Joint L/M Occupational Safety and Health Committees .......................................................30 Summary ................................................................................................................................30 Policy Establishing Joint Committees ........................................................................................31 Chapter 4 ........................................................................................................................................33 Put It in Writing: A Written Safety and Health Program ................................................................33 Reasons for a Comprehensive Safety Program ..........................................................................35 Building a Safety and Health Program .......................................................................................36 Other Required Written Programs .............................................................................................36 v 5511880066__CC000000..iinndddd vv 99//1155//22000088 1100::1199::0033 PPMM vi CONTENTS Requirements and Elements of OSHA Guidelines for a Safety and Health Program ................37 Emergency and Medical Planning ..............................................................................................40 First Aid and Medical Availability .............................................................................................41 Emergency Procedures and Response ........................................................................................41 Chapter 5 ........................................................................................................................................45 Getting Safe Performance: Motivating Safety and Health ..............................................................45 Setting the Stage .........................................................................................................................46 Defi ning Motivation ...................................................................................................................47 Principles of Motivation .............................................................................................................47 Motivational Environment ..........................................................................................................48 Structuring the Motivational Environment ............................................................................49 Reacting to the Motivational Environment ............................................................................52 Self-Motivation ...........................................................................................................................54 People Are Amazing ..............................................................................................................54 Self in Motivation ..................................................................................................................55 Needs Move Mountains and People ...........................................................................................55 Motivational Leadership .............................................................................................................57 Describing Leadership ...........................................................................................................57 Role Models ...........................................................................................................................57 Leadership Characteristics ....................................................................................................57 Applying Leadership .............................................................................................................58 Key Person .............................................................................................................................58 Effects of Other Factors ..............................................................................................................59 Peer Pressure ..........................................................................................................................59 Family Pressure .....................................................................................................................59 Incentives ...............................................................................................................................60 Incentive Program ..................................................................................................................60 Contests ..................................................................................................................................61 Gimmicks and Gadgets ..........................................................................................................61 Visuals ...................................................................................................................................62 Conferences and Seminars ....................................................................................................62 Nonfi nancial Incentives .........................................................................................................62 Summary ....................................................................................................................................63 Reference ....................................................................................................................................64 Chapter 6 .......................................................................................................................................65 How They Act: Behavior-Based Safety ...........................................................................................65 Behavior-Based Safety ................................................................................................................65 Heinrich’s Dominos Concept ......................................................................................................66 BBS Today ..................................................................................................................................67 BBS Described .......................................................................................................................68 Identifying Critical Behaviors ...............................................................................................68 Gathering Data .......................................................................................................................69 Two-Way Feedback ................................................................................................................69 Continuous Improvement .......................................................................................................69 Hindrances to Implementing BBS ..............................................................................................70 Summary ....................................................................................................................................71 5511880066__CC000000..iinndddd vvii 99//1155//22000088 1100::1199::0033 PPMM CONTENTS vii Chapter 7 ........................................................................................................................................73 Search for the Culprits: Hazard Identifi cation ................................................................................73 Hazard Identifi cation ..................................................................................................................74 Accident Types ...........................................................................................................................76 Struck-Against Type of Accidents .........................................................................................76 Struck-By Type of Accidents .................................................................................................76 Contact-With and Contacted-By Types of Accidents ............................................................76 Caught-In and Caught-On Types of Accidents ......................................................................76 Caught-Between Type of Accidents .......................................................................................77 Fall-Same-Level and Fall-to-Below Types of Accidents ...........................................................................................................................77 Overexertion and Exposure Types of Accidents ....................................................................77 Hazard Reporting System ...........................................................................................................77 Workplace Inspections or Audits ................................................................................................78 Need for an Audit .......................................................................................................................79 When to Audit? ......................................................................................................................80 What to Audit? .......................................................................................................................80 Accident Investigations ...............................................................................................................81 Introduction ............................................................................................................................81 Goals and Uses of Accident Investigation .............................................................................83 Accident Prevention ...............................................................................................................84 Investigative Procedures ........................................................................................................84 Fact-Finding ...........................................................................................................................85 Interviews ...............................................................................................................................85 Problem-Solving Techniques .................................................................................................86 Report of Investigation ...........................................................................................................86 Chapter 8 ........................................................................................................................................89 Taking a Serious Look: Analyzing Hazards ...................................................................................89 Hazard Analysis ..........................................................................................................................90 Root Cause Analysis ...................................................................................................................91 Direct Causes .........................................................................................................................91 Indirect Causes ......................................................................................................................92 Basic Causes ..........................................................................................................................92 Root (Basic) Cause Analysis ..................................................................................................95 Root Cause Analysis Methods ...............................................................................................95 Change Analysis .........................................................................................................................98 Job Hazard Analysis .................................................................................................................100 Analyzing Accident Data ..........................................................................................................101 Risk Versus Cost .......................................................................................................................102 Cost Avoidance ....................................................................................................................104 Chapter 9 ......................................................................................................................................107 Hurting: Occupational Injuries ......................................................................................................107 Occupational Trauma Deaths ...................................................................................................108 Occupational Injuries ................................................................................................................109 Injury and Death Cost ..............................................................................................................120 5511880066__CC000000..iinndddd vviiii 99//1155//22000088 1100::1199::0033 PPMM viii CONTENTS Chapter 10 ....................................................................................................................................123 Sick: Occupational Illnesses ..........................................................................................................123 Identifying Health Hazards .......................................................................................................124 Temperature Extremes ..............................................................................................................126 Cold Stress ............................................................................................................................126 Heat Stress ............................................................................................................................127 Ionizing Radiation .....................................................................................................................128 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss ....................................................................................................129 Nonionizing Radiation ..............................................................................................................130 Vibration....................................................................................................................................132 Health Hazards ..........................................................................................................................132 Acute Health Effects ............................................................................................................133 Chronic Health Effects .........................................................................................................134 Chronic Diseases ..................................................................................................................135 Birth Defects/Infertility .......................................................................................................135 Hazardous Chemicals ...............................................................................................................136 Carcinogens ..........................................................................................................................138 Biological Monitoring ...............................................................................................................139 Medical Questionnaire .........................................................................................................139 Pulmonary Function Test .....................................................................................................139 Electrocardiogram ................................................................................................................140 Chest X-Ray .........................................................................................................................140 Hazard Communications Standard ...........................................................................................140 Guidelines for Employer Compliance ..................................................................................141 Becoming Familiar with the Rule ...................................................................................142 Identifying Responsible Staff ..........................................................................................143 Identifying Hazardous Chemicals in the Workplace ......................................................144 Preparing and Implementing a Hazard Communication Program ..................................144 Checklist for Compliance ................................................................................................149 Chapter 11 ....................................................................................................................................151 Bent Too Far: Ergonomics .............................................................................................................151 Ergonomics ...............................................................................................................................151 Extent of the Problem ................................................................................................................152 Developing an Ergonomic Program ..........................................................................................153 Ergonomic Risk Factors ............................................................................................................160 Force .....................................................................................................................................160 Repetition .............................................................................................................................160 Awkward Postures ................................................................................................................161 Static Postures ......................................................................................................................161 Vibration ...............................................................................................................................161 Contact Stress .......................................................................................................................162 Cold Temperatures ...............................................................................................................162 Examples of Risky Activities ...............................................................................................162 Physical Work Activities and Conditions ..................................................................................165 Limits of Exposure ....................................................................................................................166 Duration ................................................................................................................................166 Frequency .............................................................................................................................166 Magnitude ............................................................................................................................166 5511880066__CC000000..iinndddd vviiiiii 99//1155//22000088 1100::1199::0033 PPMM CONTENTS ix Ergonomic Controls ..................................................................................................................167 Identify Controls ..................................................................................................................168 Assess Controls ....................................................................................................................168 Implement Controls ..............................................................................................................168 Tracking Progress .....................................................................................................................169 Proactive Ergonomics ...............................................................................................................169 Education and Training .............................................................................................................170 Chapter 12 ....................................................................................................................................171 Addressing Illnesses: Industrial Hygiene ......................................................................................171 Introduction to Occupational Illness Prevention .......................................................................171 Industrial Hygienist ...................................................................................................................172 Environmental Factors or Stressors ..........................................................................................172 Physical Hazards ..................................................................................................................172 Biological Hazards ...............................................................................................................174 Ergonomic Hazards ..............................................................................................................174 Chemical Hazards ................................................................................................................175 Modes of Entry for Contaminants ............................................................................................175 Inhalation .............................................................................................................................176 Absorption ............................................................................................................................176 Ingestion ...............................................................................................................................176 Injection ................................................................................................................................176 Types of Air Contaminants .......................................................................................................176 Particulates ...........................................................................................................................177 Gases and Vapors .................................................................................................................177 Exposure Monitoring ................................................................................................................178 Units of Concentration ..............................................................................................................180 Exposure Guidelines .................................................................................................................180 Threshold Limit Values ........................................................................................................180 Skin Notation........................................................................................................................181 OSHA Exposure Limits .......................................................................................................182 Time-Weighted Average .......................................................................................................182 When You Need an IH ..............................................................................................................182 Chapter 13 ....................................................................................................................................185 Taking Action: Intervention, Controls, and Prevention .................................................................185 Hazard Prevention and Controls ...............................................................................................185 Engineering Controls ................................................................................................................186 Presence-Sensing Devices ....................................................................................................187 Awareness Devices ....................................................................................................................189 Work Practices ..........................................................................................................................190 Administrative Controls ............................................................................................................190 Management Controls ..........................................................................................................190 Personal Protective Equipment .................................................................................................190 Hazard Assessment ..............................................................................................................192 Establishing a PPE Program ................................................................................................195 Ranking Hazard Controls .........................................................................................................195 Other Tools That Can Be Used for Hazard Control ..................................................................195 Accident and Incident Reporting..........................................................................................195 5511880066__CC000000..iinndddd iixx 99//1155//22000088 1100::1199::0044 PPMM

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