Table Of ContentGottfried Kirchengast
Ulrich Foelsche
Andrea K. Steiner
Occultations for Probing Atmosphere and Climate
Gottfried Kirchengast
Ulrich Foelsche
Andrea K. Steiner
(Editors)
Occultations
for Probing
Atmosphere
and Climate
With 188 Figures, 13 in colour
~Springer
Editors:
Prof. Dr. Gottfried Kirchengast
Dr. Ulrich Foelsche
Dr. Andrea K. Steiner
Institute for Geophysics, Astrophysics,
and Meteorology (IGAM)
University of Graz
Universitatsplatz 5
8010 Graz
Austria
E-mail:
[email protected]
[email protected]
andi.steiner@uni- graz.at
Library of Congress Control Number: 2004108878
ISBN 978-3-642-06108-0 ISBN 978-3-662-09041-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-09041-1
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Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2004
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Preface
Use of occultation methodology for observing the Earth's atmosphere and climate
has become so broad as to comprise solar, lunar, stellar, navigation and satellite
crosslink occultation methods. The atmospheric parameters obtained extend from
the fundamental variables temperature, density, pressure, water vapor, and ozone
via a multitude of trace gas species to particulate species such as aerosols and
cloud liquid water. Ionospheric electron density is sensed as well. The methods all
share the key properties of self-calibration, high accuracy and vertical resolution,
global coverage, and (if using radio signals) all-weather capability. Occultation
data are thus of high value in a wide range of fields including climate monitoring
and research, atmospheric physics and chemistry, operational meteorology, and
other fields such as space weather and planetary science.
This wide area of variants and uses of the occultation method has led to a diversi
fication of the occultation-related scientific community into a range of different
sub-communities, however.
The 1st International Workshop on Occultations for Probing Atmosphere and Cli
mate-OPAC-1-held September 16-20, 2002, in Graz, Austria, has set in ex
actly at this point. OPAC-1 aimed at providing a casual forum and stimulating at
mosphere fertilizing scientific discourse, co-operation initiatives, and mutual
learning and support amongst members of all the different sub-communities. The
workshop was attended by about 80 participants from 17 different countries who
actively contributed to a scientific programme of high quality and to an excellent
workshop atmosphere, which was judged by the participants to have fully met the
aims expressed.
The programme included 22 invited presentations, complemented by about 30
contributed ones, 10 posters, and an occultation software demonstration. It cov
ered occultation science from occultation methodology in general via different oc
cultation methods to use and applications of occultation data in atmosphere and
climate science. The detailed programme, including abstracts, and all further
workshop information will continue to be available on-line at the OPAC-1 website
at http://www.uni-graz.at/OPAC1Workshop-Sep2002.
This book was compiled based on selected papers presented at OPAC-1 and well
represents in its five chapters the broad scope of the workshop. It starts, for setting
the scene, with a general introductory paper by OPAC-1 chair G. Kirchengast and
proceeds to address the full range from methodology in general (chapter 1) via
specific occultation methods (GNSS-LEO occultation, chapter 2; LEO-LEO oc
cultation, chapter 3; stellar and solar occultation, chapter 4) to the use of occulta
tion data (chapter 5). It is the first book to provide a "one stop" insight to occulta
tion science in such a comprehensive manner.
vi
We cordially thank all OPAC-1 colleagues, who contributed as authors and co
authors to the book, for the effort and diligent work invested into their papers and
for largely observing the length targets (one paper, by Kirchengast and Hoeg, was
allowed some more length in exchange of dropping a related paper by Kirchengast
on end-to-end occultation simulations). All papers were subjected to a peer review
process, involving two independent expert reviewers per paper from the commu
nity of OPAC-1 participants. We also very much thank these reviewers for their
important service to coherently ensure scientific correctness and high quality of
the book from first to last page.
The reviewers, in alphabetical order, were P. Bernath, J.-L. Bertaux, G. Beyerle,
S. Buehler, L. Cornman, A. de la Torre, D. Feng, U. Foelsche, A. Gobiet, M. E.
Gorbunov, L. Gradinarsky, G. Hajj, A. Hauchecorne, B. Herman, K. Hocke, N.
Jakowski, A. S. Jensen, G. Kirchengast, L. Kornblueh, E. KyrOla, K. B. Lauritsen,
A. Loscher, M.S. Lohmann, D. Mimoun, A. Mousa, R. Notarpietro, A. G. Pave
lyev, P. Poli, J. Ramsauer, C. Rehrl, C. Retscher, M. Schwarz, P. Silvestrin, V. F.
Sofieva, S. Sokolovskiy, A. K. Steiner, S. Syndergaard, J. Tamminen, T. Tsuda,
A. von Engeln, D. M. Ward, and J. Wickert.
Special thanks are, furthermore, due to Dr. Stefan Miihlbachler for his significant
support in the final copy editing and formatting of the book and to Dr. Wolfgang
Engel and Mrs. Agata Oelschlager from Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, for the kind
offer to issue this book as Springer publication and the related technical support.
Many thanks also to all others who provided support in one or another way, in rep
resentation of which we thank the sponsors of OPAC-1 (see the OPAC-1 website
noted above for details) and the sponsors of the START Program No. Y103-N03
(Federal Ministry for Education, Science, and Culture; Austrian Science Fund) for
providing the material support enabling the realization of the book.
We hope that, in the spirit of the OPAC-1 aims, the book will become a useful ref
erence for the members of the occultation-related community but also a useful en
try point for members of the science community at large interested in the present
status and future promises of the field of occultations for probing atmosphere and
climate.
Graz, March 2004
Gottfried Kirchengast
Ulrich Foelsche
Andrea K. Steiner
Table of Contents
Occultations for Probing Atmosphere and Climate: Setting the Scene
G. Kirchengast ................................................................................................... 1
1. Occultation Methodology in General ................................................ 9
Wave Optics Algorithms for Processing Radio Occultation Data in the Lower
Troposphere: A Review and Synthesis
M E. Gorbunov ............................................................................................... 11
The Radio-Holography Approach for GNSS Occultation Data Analysis: Review
and Application to Resolving Fine Structures in the Atmosphere and Mesosphere
A. G. Pavelyev, Y. A. Liou, J. Wickert, C. Y. Huang, K. Igarashi,
and K. Hacke ................................................................................................... 25
Open Loop Tracking and Inverting GPS Radio Occultation Signals: Simulation
Study
S. Sokolovskiy .................................................................................................. 39
Fourier Analysis ofGNSS-LEO Radio Occultation Signals, Resolution and Limi
tations
A. S. Jensen, M S. Lohmann, H.-H. Benzo n, and A. S. Nielsen ....................... 53
Canonical Transform Methods for Radio Occultation Data
M E. Gorbunov and K. B. Lauritsen ............................................................... 61
Unfolding of Radio Occultation Multipath Behavior Using Phase Models
K. B. Lauritsen and M S. Lohmann ................................................................. 69
Abel Integral Inversion in Occultation Measurements
V. F. Sofieva and E. Kyrolii ............................................................................. 77
Does a Priori Information Improve Occultation Measurements?
J. Tamminen, E. Kyrolii, and V. F. Sofieva ...................................................... 87
Retrieval of Atmospheric Refractivity Profiles from Ground-Based GPS Meas
urements
R. Notarpietro, M Gabella, and G. Perona .................................................... 99
viii Table of Contents
2. GNSS-LEO Occultation ..................................................................... 109
GRAS-SAF Radio Occultation Data from EPS/Metop
G. B. Larsen, K. B. Lauritsen, F. Rubek, and M B. Sorensen ....................... 111
Deviations from a Hydrostatic Atmosphere in Radio Occultation Data
A. von Engeln, G. Nedoluha, and G. Kirchengast ......................................... 119
Sensitivity ofGNSS Occultation Profiles to Horizontal Variability in the Tropo
sphere: A Simulation Study
U. Foelsche and G. Kirchengast .................................................................... l27
Advancement of GNSS Radio Occultation Retrieval in the Upper Stratosphere
A. Gobiet and G. Kirchengast ........................................................................ 137
Ensemble-Based Analysis of Errors in Atmospheric Profiles Retrieved from
GNSS Occultation Data
A. K. Steiner and G. Kirchengast ................................................................... 149
Refractivity Profiles Obtained by Abel Inversion from a Down Looking GPS Ra
dio Occultation Experiment at Mt. Fuji: Preliminary Results and Future Plan
A. Mousa, Y. Shoji, Y. Aoyama, H Nakamura, andT. Tsuda ........................ l61
3. LEO-LEO Occultation ....................................................................... 171
An Active Microwave Limb Sounder for Profiling Water Vapor, Ozone, Tempera
ture, Geopotential, Clouds, Isotopes and Stratospheric Winds
E. R. Kursinski, D. Feng, D. Flittner, G. Hajj, B. Herman, F. Romberg,
S. Syndergaard, D. Ward, and T. Yunck ........................................................ 173
An Overview of the University of Arizona A TOMS Project
B. M Herman, D. Feng, D. Flittner, R. Kursinski, S. Syndergaard,
and D. Ward .................................................................................................. 189
The ACE+ Mission: An Atmosphere and Climate Explorer Based on GPS,
GALILEO, and LEO-LEO Radio Occultation
G. Kirchengast and P. Hoeg .......................................................................... 201
Simulating the Influence of Horizontal Gradients on Retrieved Profiles from
ATOMS Occultation Measurements-A Promising Approach for
Data Assimilation
S. Syndergaard, D. E. Flittner, E. R. Kursinski, D. D. Feng, B. M Herman,
and D. M Ward ............................................................................................. 221
Table of Contents tx
Water Vapor Profiling Using Absorptive Occultation Measurements: A Compari
son Between SAGE III and ATOMS
D. M Ward .................................................................................................... 233
The Genesis of the ACE+ Anti-Rotating Satellites Concept
D. Mimoun and S. Abbondanza ..................................................................... 245
4. Stellar and Solar Occultation ........................................................... 259
The Stellar Occultation Technique: Past Achievements, Recent Developments,
and Future Challenges
1.-H. Yee, R. J. Vervackjr., and R. DeMajistre ............................................. 261
Envisat/GOMOS Stellar Occultation: Inversion Schemes and First Analyses of
Real Data
E. Kyrola, J. Tamminen, G. W. Leppelmeier, V F. Sofieva,
S. Hassinen, J. L. Bertaux, A. Hauchecorne, F. Dalaudier, C. Cot,
0. Korablev, D. Fussen, F. Vanhellemont, 0. Fanton d'Andon,
G. Barrot, A. Mangin, B. Theodore, M Guirlet, F. Etanchaud,
P. Snoeij, R. Koopman, L. Saavedra, and R. Fraisse ..................................... 275
Atmospheric Density, Pressure and Temperature Profile Reconstruction from Re
fractive Angle Measurements in Stellar Occultation
V F. Sofieva, E. Kyroli:i, J. Tamminen, and M Ferraguto ............................ 289
Stratospheric Temperature and Ozone Sounding with ENVISAT/GOMOS Stellar
Occultation
C. Retscher, G. Kirchengast, A. Gobiet and A. Hauchecorne ....................... 299
Information Approach to Channel Selection for Stellar Occultation Measurements
V F. Sofieva and E. Kyroli:i ........................................................................... 309
The Solar Occultation Mission ACE: An Overview
P. Bernath ...................................................................................................... 319
Mesospheric Temperature and Ozone Sounding by the SMAS Solar Occultation
Sensor
C. Rehrl and G. Kirchengast .......................................................................... 333
5. Use of Occultation Data ...................................................................... 343
Utility of Occultations for Atmospheric Wave Activity Studies: Results of
GPS/MET Data Analyses and Future Plan
T. Tsuda, K. Hacke, and H. Takahashi .......................................................... 345
x Table of Contents
Stratospheric Gravity Wave Fluctuations and Sporadic Eat Mid-Latitudes with
Focus on Possible Effects of the Andes
A. de la Torre, T. Tsuda, K. Hacke, and A. Giraldez ..................................... 353
The Detection of Upper Level Turbulence via GPS Occultation Methods
L. B. Cornman, R. Frehlich, and E. Praskovskaya ........................................ 365
Evaluation of Refractivity Profiles from CHAMP and SAC-C GPS
Radio Occultation
P. Poli, C. 0. Ao, J. Joiner, M de la Torre Juarez, and R. Hoff. .................. 375
Ionospheric Radio Occultation Measurements and Space Weather
N Jakowski, S. Heise, A. Wehrenpfennig, and K. Tsybulya .......................... 383
The Mars Atmospheric Constellation Observatory (MACO) Concept
E. R. Kursinski, W Falkner, C. Zuffada, C. Walker, D. Hinson, A. Ingersoll,
M A. Gurwell, J. T. Schofield, S. Limaye, A. Stern, D. Flittner, G. Hajj,
J. Joiner, H. Pickett, L. Romans, A. P. Showman, A. Sprague, C. Young,
S. Calcutt, F. Forget, and F. Taylor .............................................................. 393
Author Index ...................................................................................................... 407
Occultation Methodology in General
Mathematical-Physical Basis and Generic Aspects
