Table Of ContentI /lrii1tA1 r.c�h ll'o.olt!urrloi •!•
A projoeflcttt e A1(1: .roorqw1 1i1111(•�1 1a11th1;i 1n1 1i1t1lH\4m ••o.l lt111
EartMho vesT:h eF urnshiingof T('l'rilnri,.�
BernaCradc h1e9,9 5
ArchictteuraesM etaph:oL arnguagNeu,m berM,o 11cy
KojKianr ata1n9i9,5
DifefrencTeosp:o graphoifCe osn tempaorryA rchtiecture
IgnadseSi o la-Mor1a9l9e6s ,
Constructions
JohRna jchm1a9n9,7
SuchP lacaessM emory
John He1j9d9u8k ,
WelcomteoT heH oteAlr chituercet
RogeCro nna1h9,9 8
Firaen dM emoryO:n .ArchitecatnudEr neer gy
LuiFse rnandez-G2a0l0i0a no.
A LandscaopfEe v ents
PauVli rilio, 2000
Architecftruormte h eO utsidEes:s aoynsV irhiaanldR eaSlp ace
ElizaGbreoths z, 2001
PubliIcn timaAcryc:h itecatnudtr heVe i sual.Arts
GiuliBarnuan 2o0,0 7
StrnageD etails
MichaCeald we2l0l0,7
Historoifte hseI mrne\iiPartees eInntv:e ntAirncgh itecMtoudrearln ism
Anthony V2i0d0l8e r,
DrawifngoA rr chitecture
LeoKnr ie2r0,0 9
ArchtiecturDee'ssi rRee:a ditnhgeL atAev an-tGarde
K.M ichaHealy s2,01 0
TheP ossiibtioylf a nA bsoluAtrec hitecture
PieVri ttAourrieo2l 0i1,1
TheA lphabaentdt hAel gorithm
MaiiCoa ip2o0,1 1
ObliqDurea wnig:A HistooryfA ntie-rPspective
MassiSmcoo la2r0i1,2
OBLIQDUREA WING
A HISTOOFAR NYT I-PERSPECTIVE
introdbuyc tion
MASSISMCOO LARI JAMESS.A CKERMAN
THMEI PTR ESS
CAMBRIMDAGSES,A CHUSETTS
LONDOENN,G LAND
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anyf ormb ya nye lectronmiecch anoirca l1 ncan(si 11cnlugd i
photocopyriencgo,r dionrig n,of rmatisotno raagnedr etrieval)
withopuetr missiinow nr itifnrgo tmh ep ublisher.
Translaftreodm tIhtleai abnyJ ennyC ondiPea landri.
Thitsr anslawtaismo and ep ossiibnlp ea rbty a g rant froGmr athhaem
FoundatriooArnd vancSetdu diients h eF inAer ts.
MITP resbso okmsa yb ep urchasaets dp eciqaula nitty
d.iscoufnotbrsu sineosrss a lperso motiounsael.
Foirn formatpiloena,es mea islp [email protected] .
orw ritteoS pecial DSeaplae1si meTnhteM, I TP ress,
55H aywarSdt reeCatm,b ridMAg e,0 �14�.
Thibso ok wasi nFs ielto soannadT radGeo thbiycT heM ITP ress.
Printedb oaunndid n t heU niteSdt atoefAs m erica.
LibraorfCy o ngreCsast aliongg--iPnublicaDtaitoan
ScolaMrais,s im1o94,3 -
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Obilquder awi:n ghai stoorfay n ti-sppeetrcivIeM assimSoc ol;a ri
introducbtyJi aomne Ss.A ckerman.
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CONl[NIS
INTRODUCTIOBNY JAMESS .A CKERMAN vii
ELEMENTSF ORA HISTOROYF AXONOMETRY
1
SPATIAILL LUSIONIISNMP OMPEIANW ALLP AINTINGS
2 25
OBLIQUDER AWING
3 47
THEI DEAO F MODEL
4 137
BRUNELLESCHIM'OSD ELF ORT HED OME OF SANTAM ARIA
5
DELF IOREA ND THEG HERARDDIR AWING
185
DEMONSTRATIOFNI GURES
6 215
7 MACHINATIONS2 47
8 SOLDIERLPYE RSPECTIV2E 87
DRAWINGI N
9 PARALLEMLO/D O 325
THEJ ESUIPTE RSPECTIIVNEC HINA
10 341
THET OWERO F BABELF:O RM AND REPRESENTATION
11 359
INDEX
375
INTRODUCTION
la111os S. ilckcJ11111n
haelv noga dmiMraesds Siocmloaa rsai na rttiesatc,ah newdrr ,iw theors e
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origionfpa elirttcinyeo pciusop lweidta hni mprveelsyws idier-anging
knoweldgoef pthhoieosl phlye,a ranniadnr got,tfs h Wees tetrrnao dni.Hti is
indepefnordmet nhfceae so hnsoi ft haec adeamniidnc lt leecetsutaalb lish
mengtu iudste dsoi svcerotihehasat vr ee maiconludeedbd yo ura cceptance
ofa ppvrdeoa prpaochgeisv,hi inisgn shtiusgn ocmmonv iittaAyln.dy et
Socalraism, u cahsa n pyr feosonsaislco hlaiarsm , a stofhe irs troerisceaalr ch;
whatehvisesur eb cjhtep, e entratthfeeuos n dianoto fr ealteadc cumulated
knwoledTghede.i scvueer nsdtineiosnt hvilosu meex patnhmdee ssagoef
thtee xnttoi, na p edafnatsihcbi uobtnyd , e mnostrtahtiainton rgd tegore t
tot hcero eo fa ni nviegsiantot,w em usatb rsbot hceno trtioinbsuo fo ur
predercste ofsu srotohuoerwr nu nderst-aomnri dsiunngdersotfa nding-
thpea .sC thatrearciosfSt ocailrcwi 'orskt ,h ensoet- eiscnno trasstta nto
darpdrc oed-uarrieell ustwriatithme adgt ehcsao tn stainttohuleterelv o ef
reefrenwcheie,cx hp aonntd hsoa ftt h tee xt.
Socalrsit'usdo iribeatsr u ontdh e tohvfe imsaeun acdlno ceprteuparle sen
tatainoadnp ,pa rctohh tahte amsem aan iftoeinos tft haiedo elgoiacanpldh lio
spohiocreainlt oanotsdfi fi fecruletnuetrsS .oca lrcino sidiemrasng etojs u asst
af romo fa rbtua ts f oar mt huoogf,h tparj oecnot afiw oayl io.Tff he iimss o st
viivyda lrticiutnlh caeht aepbdte earrt ihnneag m et hboeoof k, " bOliDqruaew ing,"
whcihb egwiintsh e xatne nidnevdeat sintoo ifrg eprtetasineio nna ncient
Egypatt -ilgiyhn ttegsrcoeaittwyei dt hw otrhledo vafic elswoea dn rdea ltively
unchancglutiunirgwne h iwcrhi tsiynmgb,o ld,e painnc dtw ieirnoett wenired.
Foarli ltp sr cecouipnoaw titthha etf eirfElegy,pr te prestehwneot drem ldor e
turthlfltuyh aohnte crut lurtehusog,nh to w ituhtio dgeroapchnoivcei nnots
foard justttoh ifenln gae tsospf aignsta inrndle i.eG frseaenked a yrR loman
artwiosrtkisean md o reo pesnco ieatynrd e orptwehdat th eobsy eravwsee dl l
atsh eev eonmfty sto hlgyo (whPiaclthvo i rgoouospplsoye ,do )ftewni stht riking
optipcearls uasAirvawebrn ietasensard.rs t iwshptor se,vs eemdra noyft he
vii
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he a llltl latl lg'W('
thdasitr egeadtr hvdei erw.e iTcnhociec haacrtoefBr yz a1i1 tin ameg erya los
frusttrheaefft oerodtfo s bs evretrpso l atchee msienrl evleastt toiho ienoc n
orn arr.a tive
Threa ditchaeologoy lft hFer ainscciantn hsTe er cepnrtmooot eadn ew
egnagemoeftn htae r twiistvthi seuxaple creiG:ei noatnthdosi c notempo
rarmiaedtseh p eit cuirneat s ot aagnted h vei eawm eerm boetfrh aeu dience.
Ac entltuaerytr hh eu manLiesoBtna ttAilsbtebarut tti hilfe uo ndianoot af rtists'
percstpioevnte hc eno ceoptfth p eci tuarsteh i en teecrntso ifao" pymriado"f
visruaaoylrsg iinaittnih noegbe jcatn cdno verognit nhvgei eweeyre'.s
Ast hseu beto iftt hblioosk s ugsgttesh,me a ojriotyft hceh apters examine
alter-nnaotenirpvesecpvta-itlechnioqfpu reests ienongbe jctsse eonr
imagbiynd erda ftasnmpdea ni nftoeerxr psr easnsidin vset nrauplcu tripooses.
Viewienmr os deWresnt esrconi eutsiueyasr l elaadnie cnatn mde ideval
exalmeposfo blqiuder awisntge pgap-si snntetoswo arpdes rpecrteipvrael
sentnaa ntmdio doerenx amapsal rebsi gteormaerctyard lii rsttioons.
One-ipnopte rspebcutiiltvthe pe,or ni necsoi fap nlciaennmdte i deval
geometarnoidptc iatclea xlbt esc,ap maer adifgommrao tdievcri ne wIetr s.
plyass uaib mlirnoaillne many sotfu dbtieahecuesssS eecl oariin'tsen n tio
itsoi l lunmaiattelre nattiov oeibfstu ss cdaotmiinngda unrctiehn lega fisvet
cenetsuTr.hoi ugfha miolni-eaopri,pn etsr pcetidviers ttTsoar.d intaailro tists'
percstpireveeq utihvreie estw roee rm aiianftn xe dp sotiinos,e ewiintognhl y
oneey weh,e anc tyuo auplrel creponto ifd epiteshn tyid reeplenodnte hnet
differpesonitnt o ifto wcono stlaymn ovtinegy. eW sea rseoa ttutnote hde
artpisetr'stspit evhceoa htte try poefps rj ocetiaopnp teadori srttt hoesiurb
jcet;bs doioerss t rucptruerseeisnna t xeodn omperjtoetrociinsc e etmo the
vierwaeiros npe edr speicmtaigvegsarw lol t aora gsteh rre cyee etd toh ree ar.
Ineddei,it ns to a lwpasyossb ilteoe stlaiabsr he oarraf roinnst u cihm eags:
whewnel ooskt eaadti tltryha en spcaurbieen"ns Dt e nmsortaotnFi giures,"
fore xaemwp,hl awtef isresatets h ree faar(c iefn i gu6r.e6s-s 6ih.f9tt)tos h e
frownhtli,te hien nfearc esl taoefrs aitldhb eees mc eoo utfecare s.
Thmee tdhsoo fd rawdiinsgc uhsesrheead vm eu cihnc o mmno,b ueta ch
oSf cloarsit'usdh iaaseu sn iqaupepa rcowhh,i Ics hh aclhlac rtiaeezhr ere.
"EelmenftoasHr isryt oAofx onometprrvyoi"d afe osu antdilor'tn oh oeht er
esyssral eatteoodb l qiuder awAicnrcgdo.i tnTogh T eh esaoujr'auAnsrd tAi rch
tecotftu hrGeeey tR tescehCa erntaexroom,ne yt" 1refteaolr lf sro mos'lp ar aeUl
viii INlOllDUCflON
