Object and Image. An introduction to photography

296 Pages·1975·39.128 MB·English

by  Craven, George M.

Object and Image
An
Introduction to Photography
George M. Craven
What is the difference between
taking a picture and making
an artistic photograph?
How do pictures communicate?
Whattechnicalknowledgeisrequired?
Can anyone use a camera for
artistic expression?
In OBJECT AND IMAGE George
M. Craven answers these provocative
questions. This visual and technical
introduction to black-and-white pho-
tography is a step-by-step guide that
combines mechanics with artistry.
Over 200 illustrations explain how
photographs diflFer from other kinds
of pictures, why they look the way
they do, and how we react to them.
"How-to-do-it" chapters explain what
happens in each step of film process-
ing and printing and why each step
is necessary. The techniques are al-
ways related to visual ends and are
illustrated at the point of discussion
with photographs made by recognized
artists.
Technical drawings clarify essential
concepts, such as film structure, en-
larger optical systems, and hyperfocal
focusing. Every essential detail of
modem photography is explained, in-
cluding How to Photograph with
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and Image
Object

and Image
Object
An
Introduction to Photography
GEORGE M. CRAVEN
De Anza College
Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
M
Craven, George
Object and image.
Bibliography: p.
1. Photography. I. Title.
TR145.C89 770 74-9739
ISBN 0-13-628925-8
To Rachel, Clarence, and Peter
Technical drawings by Margaret Jackson
© 1975 by Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englevvood Cliffs, New Jersey
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any
means without permission in writing from the publisher. All photographs (except
those from the Library of Congress) have been used by permission of the credited
photographers, museums, or collectors, who retain all reproduction rights.
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4
Prentice-Hall International, Inc., London
Prentice-Hall of Australia, Pty. Ltd., Sydney
Prentice-Hall of Canada, Ltd., Toronto
Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi
Prentice-Hall of Japan, Inc., Tokyo
Contents
Preface vii
Chapter 1 Object and linage: What Photography Is 2
Chapter 2 Our Photographic Heritage 16
Chapter 3 Cameras and Exposure 48
Chapter 4 Light: The Designing Element 66
Chapter 5 Film and Its Processing 82
Chapter 6 Printing and Enlarging 98
Chapter 7 The Direct Approach 122
Chapter 8 The Reportorial Approach 142
Chapter 9 The Symbolistic Approach 172
Chapter 10 Variations on a Theme: The Divergence from Realism 184
Chapter 11 Lenses and Filters: Choosing and Using Them 212
vi Contents
Chapter 12 Photography with AHificial Light: Flood and Flash 224
Chapter 13 Careers and Educational Opportunities 240
Chapter 14 Image as Object: Responding to Photographs 252
Appendix A How to Test a Camera for Proper Operation 265
Appendix B Polaroid Materials 267
Appendix C Stabilization Papers and Their Processing 269
Bibliography 271
Index 275