Nutrition Through the Life Cycle

610 Pages·2016·38.93 MB·English

by  Judith E. Brown

NUtRItIoN
Through the Life Cycle
Sixth Edition
Judith E. Brown
Ph.D., M.P.H., R.D.
University of Minnesota
with
Ellen Lechtenberg, M.P.H., R.D., I.B.C.L.C. Ellen K. Bowser, M.S., R.D., LDN, FAND,
Primary Children’s Hospital R.N, B.S.N.
University of Florida Pediatric Pulmonary
Maureen A. Murtaugh, Ph.D., R.D. Division
University of Utah School of Medicine
Beth L. Leonberg, M.S., M.A., R.D., C.S.P.,
Patricia L. Splett, Ph.D., M.P.H., R.D. F.A.N.D., L.D.N.
Nutrition Consultant Drexel University
Jamie Stang, Ph.D., M.P.H., R.D. Nadine R. Sahyoun, Ph.D., R.D.
University of Minnesota University of Maryland
Robyn Wong, M.P.H., R.D., C.S.P., L.D.
Kaiser Permanente Medical Center - Hawaii
Australia ● Brazil ● Mexico ● Singapore ● United Kingdom ● United States
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Nutrition Through the Life Cycle, 6e © 2017, 2014, Cengage Learning
Judith E. Brown WCN: 02-200-203
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Printed in the United States of America
Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2016
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Br IEf
CONTENTs
Chapt Er 12
Child and Preadolescent Nutrition
305
Chapt Er 13
Child and Preadolescent Nutrition
331
Preface xiv
Conditions and Interventions
Chapt Er 1
Chapt Er 14
Nutrition Basics
1 Adolescent Nutrition
349
Chapt Er 2
Chapt Er 15
Preconception Nutrition
50 Adolescent Nutrition
378
Chapt Er 3 Conditions and Interventions
Preconception Nutrition
71 Chapt Er 16
Conditions and Interventions Adult Nutrition
401
Chapt Er 4
Chapt Er 17
Nutrition During Pregnancy
87 Adult Nutrition
423
Chapt Er 5 Conditions and Interventions
Nutrition During Pregnancy
135 Chapt Er 18
Conditions and Interventions Nutrition and Older Adults
449
Chapt Er 6
Chapt Er 19
Nutrition During Lactation
160 Nutrition and Older Adults
480
Chapt Er 7 Conditions and Interventions
Nutrition During Lactation
192 anSwEr S to r EviEw QuESt ionS 511
Conditions and Interventions
appEndix a
Chapt Er 8 Measurement Abbreviations and Equivalents 518
Infant Nutrition
221
appEndix B
Chapt Er 9 Body Mass Index (BMI) 520
Infant Nutrition
244 references 521
Conditions and Interventions
Glossary 567
Chapt Er 10
index 578
Toddler and Preschooler Nutrition
260
Chapt Er 11
Toddler and Preschooler Nutrition
289
Conditions and Interventions
iii
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CONTENTs
Public food and Nutrition Programs 43
WIC 43
Nationwide Priorities for Improvements in Nutritional Health 44
Nutrition and Health Guidelines for Americans 44
Dietary Guidelines for Americans 44
MyPlate.gov 45
UsDA’s food Groups 45
preface xiv
All chapters include Resources and References Chapt Er 2
Preconception Nutrition
50
Chapt Er 1
Introduction 51
Nutrition Basics
1 Preconception Overview 51
Introduction 2 2020 Nutrition Objectives for the Nation related to
Preconception 51
Principles of the science of Nutrition 2
reproductive Physiology 52
Essential and Nonessential Nutrients 3
female reproductive system 52
Dietary Intake standards 3
Male reproductive system 55
standards of Nutrient Intake for Nutrition Labels 4
Carbohydrates 4 Nutrition and fertility 56
Protein 5 Undernutrition and fertility 56
fats (Lipids) 8 Body fat and fertility 56
Vitamins 10 CASE Study 2.1 Cyclic Infertility with Weight Loss
Phytochemicals 13 and Gain 57
Minerals 13
Nutrient status and fertility 58
Water 23
Nutrition During the Periconceptional Period 60
Nutrient functions at the Cellular Level 23
Periconceptional folate status 60
Nutritional Labeling 36
Periconceptional Iron status 62
Nutrition facts Panel 37
recommended Dietary Intake and Healthy Dietary
Ingredient Label 37
Patterns for Preconceptional Women 63
Dietary supplement Labeling 37
Herbal remedies 38 Influence of Contraceptives on Preconceptional Nutrition
status 64
The Life-Course Approach to Nutrition and Health 39
Nutritional side Effects of Hormonal Contraception 64
Meeting Nutritional Needs Across the Life Cycle 39
Dietary Considerations Based on Ethnicity 39 Model Preconceptional Health and Nutrition
Dietary Considerations Based on religion 39 Programs 65
Nutrition Assessment 40 Preconceptional Benefits of WIC 65
Decreasing Iron Deficiency in Preconceptional Women in
Community-Level Assessment 40
Indonesia 65
Individual-Level Nutrition Assessment 40
Preconception Care: Preparing for Pregnancy 66
Clinical/Physical Assessment 40
Dietary Assessment 40 The Nutrition Care Process 66
Anthropometric Assessment 42 The Nutrition Care Process related
Biochemical Assessment 42 to the Preconception Period 66
Monitoring the Nation’s Nutritional Health 42 CASE Study 2.2 Nutrution Care Process (NCP) Male
Infertility 67
iv
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Contents v
Chapt Er 3 The Need for Protein 110
Preconception Nutrition The Need for fat 111
71 The Need for Vitamins and Minerals During Pregnancy 112
Conditions and Interventions
Calcium 116
Introduction 72 Bioactive Components of food 119
The Need for Water 120
Weight status and fertility 72
Obesity, Body fat Distribution, and fertility 72 factors Affecting Dietary Intake During Pregnancy 120
Effect of Taste and smell Changes on Dietary Intake During
CASE Study 3.1 Anna Marie’s tale 74
Pregnancy 120
Underweight and fertility 74
Cultural Considerations 121
Negative Energy Balance and fertility 74
Healthy Dietary Patterns for Pregnancy 121
Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa,
Vegetarian Diets in Pregnancy 122
and fertility 74
Dietary supplements during Pregnancy 122
Women, Exercise, and fertility 75
CASE Study 4.1 Vegan dietary Patterns during
Diabetes Prior to Pregnancy 75
Pregnancy 125
Nutritional Management of Diabetes Prior to Pregnancy 76
food safety During Pregnancy 127
Polycystic Ovary syndrome and fertility 77
Nutritional Management of PCOs 78 Assessment of Nutritional status During Pregnancy 127
Dietary Assessment During Pregnancy 127
Phenylketonuria (PKU) 78
Nutrition Biomarker Assessment 128
Maternal PKU 80
Nutritional Management of PKU 80 Exercise and Pregnancy Outcome 128
Exercise recommendations for Pregnant Women 129
Celiac Disease 80
Common Health Problems During Pregnancy 129
CASE Study 3.2 Celiac disease 81
Nausea and Vomiting 129
Nutritional Management of Celiac Disease 81
Heartburn 130
Premenstrual syndrome 84 Constipation 130
Treatment of PMs 84
Model Nutrition Programs for risk reduction in
Pregnancy 130
Chapt Er 4 The Montreal Diet Dispensary 130
Nutrition During Pregnancy The WIC Program 131
87
Introduction 88
Chapt Er 5
The status of Pregnancy Outcomes 88
Nutrition During Pregnancy
Infant Mortality 88 135
Low Birthweight, Preterm Delivery, and Infant Mortality 89 Conditions and Interventions
reducing Infant Mortality and Morbidity 90 Introduction 136
Physiology of Pregnancy 91 Obesity and Pregnancy 136
Maternal Physiology 91 Nutritional recommendations and Interventions for Obesity
Normal Physiological Changes During Pregnancy 92 During Pregnancy 137
The Placenta 95
Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy 138
Embryonic and fetal Growth and Development 97
Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy, Oxidative stress, and
Critical Periods of Growth and Development 97 Nutrition 138
fetal Body Composition 99 Chronic Hypertension 138
Nutrition, Miscarriage, and Preterm Delivery 101 Gestational Hypertension 139
Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 102 Preeclampsia–Eclampsia 139
Pregnancy Weight Gain 104 CASE Study 5.1 A Case of Preeclampsia 141
Pregnancy Weight Gain recommendations 104 Nutritional recommendations and Interventions for
Nutrition and the Course and Outcome of Preeclampsia 141
Pregnancy 107 Diabetes in Pregnancy 141
famine and Pregnancy Outcome 107 Gestational Diabetes 142
Energy and Nutrient Needs During Pregnancy 108 CASE Study 5.2 Elizabeth’s Story: Gestational
The Need for Energy 109 diabetes 145
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vi Contents
Type 2 Diabetes in Pregnancy 146 Benefits of Breastfeeding 169
Management of Type 2 Diabetes in Pregnancy 146 Breastfeeding Benefits for Mothers 169
Type 1 Diabetes During Pregnancy 147 Breastfeeding Benefits for Infants 169
Nutritional Management of Type 1 Diabetes in Pregnancy 147 Benefits 171
Multifetal Pregnancies 148 Breast Milk supply and Demand 171
Background Information about Multiple fetuses 148 Can Women Make Enough Milk? 171
risks Associated with Multifetal Pregnancy 149 Does the size of the Breast Limit a Woman’s Ability to Nurse
Nutrition and the Outcome of Multifetal Pregnancy 150 Her Infant? 172
Dietary Intake in Twin Pregnancy 151 Is feeding frequency related to the Amount of Milk
CASE Study 5.3 twin Pregnancy and the Nutrition a Woman Can Make? 172
Care Process 152 Can Women Pump or Express Enough Milk? 172
Nutritional recommendations for Women with Multifetal Can Women Breastfeed after Breast reduction or Augmentation
Pregnancy 152 surgery? 172
HIV/AIDs During Pregnancy 153 The Breastfeeding Process 173
Consequences of HIV/AIDs During Pregnancy 154 Preparing the Breast for Breastfeeding 173
Nutritional factors and HIV/AIDs During Pregnancy 154 Breastfeeding Positioning 173
Nutritional Management of Women with HIV/AIDs During Presenting the Breast to the suckling Infant 173
Pregnancy 154 The Breastfeeding Infant 174
Eating Disorders in Pregnancy 155 Infant reflexes 174
Consequences of Eating Disorders in Pregnancy 155
CASE Study 6.1 Breastfeeding and Adequate
Treatment of Women with Eating Disorders During
Nourishment 175
Pregnancy 155
Mechanics of Breastfeeding 175
Nutritional Interventions for Women with Eating Disorders
Identifying Hunger and satiety 175
During Pregnancy 155
feeding frequency 176
fetal Alcohol spectrum Disorders 155
Identifying Breastfeeding Malnutrition 176
Nutrition and Adolescent Pregnancy 156 Tooth Decay 176
Growth During Adolescent Pregnancy 157 Vitamin supplements for Breastfeeding Infants 176
Obesity, Excess Weight Gain, and Adolescent Pregnancy 157
Maternal Diet 176
Nutritional recommendations for Pregnant Adolescents 157
Nutrition Assessment of Breastfeeding Women 177
Evidence-Based Practice 157
Energy and Nutrient Needs 178
Maternal Energy Balance and Milk Composition 178
Chapt Er 6
Weight Loss During Breastfeeding 178
Nutrition During Lactation
160 Exercise and Breastfeeding 179
Vitamin and Mineral supplements 179
Introduction 161
Vitamin and Mineral Intakes 179
Lactation Physiology 161 functional foods 179
functional Units of the Mammary Gland 161 fluids 179
Mammary Gland Development 161 Vegetarian Diets 179
Lactogenesis 162 Infant Colic 179
Hormonal Control of Lactation 162
Public food and Nutrition Programs 180
secretion of Milk 162
The Letdown reflex 163 Optimal Duration, Influential factors, and U.s. Goals for
Breastfeeding 180
Human Milk Composition 163
Optimal Breastfeeding Duration 180
Colostrum 164
Breastfeeding Goals for the United states 180
Water 164
The surgeon General’s Call to Action to support
Energy 164
Breastfeeding 181
Lipids 165
Breastfeeding rates in the United states 181
Protein 165
Milk Carbohydrates 167 Breastfeeding Promotion, facilitation, and support 183
fat-soluble Vitamins 167 Prenatal Breastfeeding Education and support 183
Water-soluble Vitamins 168 Breastfeeding support for Individuals 183
Minerals in Human Milk 168 role of the Health Care system in supporting
Taste of Human Milk 169 Breastfeeding 184
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Contents vii
Lactation support in Hospitals and Birthing Centers 185 Human Milk and Preterm Infants 214
Model U.s. Baby-friendly Hospital Programs 185
Medical Contraindications to Breastfeeding 215
Lactation support after Discharge 186
Breastfeeding and HIV Infection 215
The Workplace 186
The Business Case for Breastfeeding 187 Human Milk Collection and storage 216
The Community 187 Milk Banking 216
Public Health support of Breastfeeding 188 Model Programs 218
Model Breastfeeding Promotion Programs 188 Breastfeeding Promotion in Physicians’ Office Practices
WIC National Breastfeeding Promotion Project—Loving support (BPPOP) 218
Makes Breastfeeding Work 188 The rush Mothers’ Milk Club 218
Wellstart International 189
Chapt Er 8
Chapt Er 7 Infant Nutrition
221
Nutrition During Lactation
192 Introduction 222
Conditions and Interventions
Assessing Newborn Health 222
Introduction 193 Birthweight and Gestational Age as Outcome Measures 222
Common Breastfeeding Conditions 193 Infant Mortality 222
Combating Infant Mortality 223
sore Nipples 193
Newborn Growth Assessment 223
flat or Inverted Nipples 193
Normal Physical Growth and Development 224
Letdown failure 193
Motor Development 224
Hyperactive Letdown 194
Critical Periods 224
Hyperlactation 194
Cognitive Development 225
Engorgement 194
Digestive system Development 226
Plugged Duct 195
Parenting 226
Mastitis 195
Energy and Nutrient Needs 227
CASE Study 7.1 Chronic Mastitis 196
Energy Needs 227
Low Milk supply 196
Protein Needs 227
Maternal Medications 197
fat Needs 227
Herbal remedies 199 Metabolic rate, Energy, fats, and Protein—How Do They All Tie
specific Herbs Used in the United states 201 Together? 228
Alcohol and Other Drugs and Exposures 202 Other Nutrient and Non-Nutrient Needs 228
Growth Assessment 229
Alcohol 202
Interpretation of Growth Data 229
Nicotine (smoking Cigarettes) 204
Marijuana 205 feeding in Early Infancy 231
Caffeine 205 Breast Milk and formula 231
Other Drugs of Abuse 205 Cow Milk 232
Environmental Exposures 205 Development of Infant feeding skills 232
Neonatal Jaundice and Kernicterus 207 Introduction of Complementary foods 233
Bilirubin Metabolism 207 The Importance of Infant feeding Position 234
Physiologic Versus Pathologic Newborn Jaundice 207 Preparing for Drinking from a Cup 234
Hyperbilirubinemia and Breastfeeding 208 CASE Study 8.1 Baby Samantha Will Not Eat 235
Prevention and Treatment for severe Jaundice 210
food Texture and Development 235
Information for Parents 210
Complementary feeding 236
Breastfeeding Multiples 211 Inappropriate and Unsafe food Choices 236
Infant Allergies 211 fluids 236
How Much food Is Enough for Infants? 236
food Allergy (Hypersensitivity) 212
Influence of food Preferences
food Intolerance 212
on feeding Behavior 237
Late-Preterm Infants 212
Nutrition Guidance 237
CASE Study 7.2 Breastfeeding Premature Infants 213
The Infant’s Home Environment 238
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viii Contents
supplements for Infants 238 Chapt Er 10
Cross-Cultural Considerations 238 Toddler and Preschooler
Common Nutritional Issues and Concerns 238
Nutrition
Colic 238 260
Iron-Deficiency and Iron-Deficiency Anemia 239 Introduction 261
Diarrhea and Constipation 239 Definitions of the Life-Cycle stage 261
Early Childhood Caries (ECC) 239 Importance of Nutrition 261
food Allergies 240
Tracking Toddler and Preschooler Health 261
Vegetarian Diets 241
Healthy People 2020 261
Nutrition Intervention for risk reduction 241
Normal Growth and Development 261
Model Program: Newborn Metabolic screening 241
Measuring Growth 262
The WHO and CDC Growth Charts 262
Chapt Er 9 WHO Growth standards 263
Infant Nutrition Common Problems with Measuring and Plotting
244
Growth Data 264
Conditions and Interventions
Physiological and Cognitive Development 264
Introduction 245
Toddlers 264
Infants at risk 245 CASE Study 10.1 Meal time with a toddler 266
families of Infants with special Health Care Needs 246 Preschool-Age Children 266
Energy and Nutrient Needs of Preterm Infants and Infants Temperament Differences 268
with special Health Care Needs and/or Developmental food Preference Development, Appetite, and satiety 268
Delay 246 Energy and Nutrient Needs 270
Energy Needs 246 Energy Needs 270
Protein requirements 247 Protein 270
forms of Protein 247 Vitamins and Minerals 270
fat 247
Common Nutrition Problems 270
Vitamins and Minerals 247
Iron-Deficiency Anemia 270
Growth of Infants at risk or with special Health
Dental Caries 273
Care Needs 247
Constipation 273
Growth in Preterm Infants 248 Elevated Blood Lead Levels 273
Corrected Age 248 food security 274
Does Intrauterine Growth Predict Extrauterine Growth? 250 food safety 275
Interpretation of Growth 250
Prevention of Nutrition-related Disorders 275
Nutrition for Infants with special Health
Overweight and Obesity in Toddlers
Care Needs 251
and Preschoolers 275
Nutrition risks to Development 251 Assessment of Overweight and Obesity 276
severe Preterm Birth and Nutrition 252 Prevention of Overweight and Obesity 276
How sick Babies Are fed 252 Treatment of Overweight and Obesity Expert Committee:
food safety 253 recommendations 276
What to feed Preterm Infants 253 Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 277
Preterm Infants and feeding 254 Nutrition and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Toddlers
and Preschoolers 277
CASE Study 9.1 Premature Birth in an At-Risk
Vitamin and Mineral supplements 278
Family 255
Herbal supplements 279
Infants with Congenital Anomalies and Chronic
Dietary and Physical Activity recommendations 279
Illness 255
Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 279
Infants with Genetic Disorders 256
MyPlate 280
CASE Study 9.2 Noah’s Cardiac Condition 257 recommendations for Intake of Iron, fiber, fat, and Calcium 282
fat soluble Vitamins 282
feeding Problems 257
recommended Versus Actual food Intake 283
Nutrition Interventions 258
Cross-Cultural Considerations 284
Nutrition services 258 Vegetarian Diets 284
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