Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Abdominal Obesity

559 Pages·2014·36.81 MB·English

by  Ronald Watson

NUTRITION IN THE PREVENTION AND
TREATMENT OF ABDOMINAL OBESITY
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NUTRITION IN THE
PREVENTION AND
TREATMENT OF
ABDOMINAL OBESITY
Edited by
Ronald Ross Watson, Bs, PhD
University of Arizona, Division of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health,
and School of Medicine, Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
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14 15 16 17 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xiii Abdominal Obesity in Adolescents 27
Acknowledgments xv Meal Patterns, Foods, and Abdominal Obesity in
Adolescents 28
Contributors xvii
Physical Activity and Abdominal Obesity in
Adolescents 32
Conclusions 34
SECTION 1
References 35
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICAL MANAGEMENT
4. Lifestyle Factors Affecting Abdominal Obesity in
OF VISCERAL OBESITY
Children and Adolescents: Risks and Benefits
PART A EDYTA SULIGA
Introduction 39
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF
Physical Activity and Abdominal Obesity 39
ABDOMINAL OBESITY
Sedentary Activities 41
Sleep Duration 42
Nutrition 43
1. Diet and Irritable Bowel Syndrome, with a Focus
Alcohol Consumption 47
on Appetite-Regulating Gut Hormones
Smoking 48
MAGDY EL-SALHY, DORIS GUNDERSEN, JAN GUNNAR HATLEBAKK, Conclusion 49
AND TRYGVE HAUSKEN References 50
Introduction 5
5. Female Cancer Survivorship and Obesity
Diet Intake in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients 6
The Role of Diet in the Development of IBS MICHELE L. MCCARROLL, G. DANTE ROULETTE, AND VIVIAN
Symptoms 6 E. von GRUENIGEN
Abnormalities in the Endocrine System of the Gut in
Obesity and Female Cancer 57
Irritable Bowel Syndrome 7
Female Cancer Survivorship 59
Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Appetite-Regulating
Physical Activity 59
Gut Hormones 8
Diet Considerations 62
Effect of Dietary Guidance 10
Future Directions 63
Conclusion 11
References 63
References 11
6. Evaluation of Visceral Fat in Massive Obesity
2. Work and Abdominal Obesity Risk CAMILLE VATIER, CHRISTINE POITOU, AND KARINE CLÉMENT
MARIA TERESA ANSELMO OLINTO, RAQUEL CANUTO, AND
Anthropometric Assessments 68
ANDERSON DA SILVA GARCEZ
Physical Methods to Assess Massive Abdominal
Occupational Status 17 Obesity 69
Job Strain 18 Biological Parameters 71
Occupational Physical Activity 19 Histological Markers in Adipose Tissue 72
Shift Work 19 Other Methods Used to Assess Abdominal Fat
Unemployment 20 Repartition 73
Conclusion 21 Conclusion 73
References 22 Acknowledgments 73
References 73
3. Effects of Dietary Patterns and Physical
7. Beyond Nutrition Is There Any Role for Physical
Activity on the Establishment of Abdominal
Activity in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver
Obesity in Adolescents
Disease Therapy?
FÁTIMA PÉREZ DE HEREDIA, DAVID MARTÍNEZ-GÓMEZ, SONIA
GÓMEZ-MARTÍNEZ, AND ASCENSIÓN MARCOS GIOVANNI TARANTINO AND CARMINE FINELLI
v
vi
CONTENTS
Introduction 79 11. Serum Magnesium and Abdominal Obesity
The Measurement of Subcutaneous and Visceral and its Consequences
Adipose Tissue 79
TERESA KOKOT, MAŁGORZATA MUC-WIERZGOŃ, EWA NOWAKOWSKA-
Physical Activity 80
ZAJDEL, AND SYLWIA DZIE ˛ GIELEWSKA-GE ˛ SIAK
The Influence of Physical Activity on Subcutaneous
and Visceral Adipose Tissue 80 Introduction 117
Age and Gender Differences in the Response of Subcutaneous Magnesium Deficiency and its Health-Associated
and Visceral Adipose Tissue to Physical Activity 81 Consequences 117
Physiological Effect of Exercise on Obesity and Subcutaneous Abdominal Obesity 118
and Visceral Adipose Tissue 81 Mechanism of Magnesium Deficiency in Obesity 119
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Physical Activity, Magnesium and Abdominal Obesity 119
and Adipose Tissue 82 Conclusion 120
Concluding Remarks 83 References 120
References 84
PART C
8. Abdominal Fat and African-Americans:
Incidence and Relationship to Disease NUTRITION, ABDOMINAL OBESITY, AND
LYNDSEY M. HORNBUCKLE AND GARY R. HUNTER TYPE 2 DIABETES
Introduction 89 12. Abdominal Adipose Tissue and Insulin
Incidence of Abdominal Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk:
Resistance: The Role of Ethnicity
African-American Adults 90
Incidence of Abdominal Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk: DANIJELA GASEVIC, SIMI KOHLI, NADIA KHAN,
AND SCOTT A. LEAR
African-American Children and Adolescents 92
Intervention Strategies 93 Introduction 125
Conclusions 94 Abdominal Adipose Tissue 126
References 94 Defining Ethnicity 127
Ethnicity and Insulin Resistance 128
Ethnicity and Abdominal Adiposity 129
PART B Ethnic Differences in the Association Between Abdominal
Adipose Tissue and Insulin Resistance 132
ABDOMINAL OBESITY AND METABOLIC Conclusions 134
SYNDROME References 134
9. Visceral Fat and Hypertension: Sex Differences 13. Visceral Fat Predicts Ectopic Fat Accumulation
ZDENKA PAUSOVA Mechanisms and Health Consequences
ANDREA P. ROSSI, FRANCESCO FANTIN, PAOLO BERTASSELLO,
Overview 99
VALERIA ZANANDREA, E. SARTORI, AND MAURO ZAMBONI
Sex Differences in Quantity and Distribution of Visceral and
Subcutaneous Fat 99 Introduction 141
Sex Differences in Cellularity and Secretory Profiles of Visceral Predictors of Ectopic Fat Deposition 141
and Subcutaneous Fat 101 Weight Loss, Visceral Fat, and Ectopic Fat Deposition 144
Sex Differences in Obesity-Induced Hypertension 102 Health Consequences of Visceral Adipose Tissue and
Conclusion 108 Ectopic Fat Deposition 144
References 108 References 147
10. Remission of Metabolic Syndrome After 14. Blood Pressure Regulation in Abdominal Obesity
Sleeve Gastrectomy
MARIE-ÈVE LEBLANC AND PAUL POIRIER
JAIME RUIZ-TOVAR AND RAFAEL CALPENA
Introduction 151
Effect of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy on Type 2 Obesity: A Definition 151
Diabetes Mellitus 113 Systemic Hypertension: A Definition 151
Effect of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy on Lipid Which Adiposity Index is the Best for Explaining the Link
Profile 114 between Systemic Hypertension Risk and Obesity? 152
Effect of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy on Abdominal Obesity and its Impact on Blood Pressure 153
Hypertension 114 Hemodynamic Pattern: Mechanisms 153
Effect of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy on Abdominal Obesity and Exercised-Induced Hypertension
Cortisol Levels 115 154
References 115 Adipokines 154
vii
CONTENTS
Metabolic Syndrome: A Combination of Cardiovascular Risk 18. Stress-Induced Eating Dampens Physiological
Factors Including High Blood Pressure 155 and Behavioral Stress Responses
Management of Systemic Hypertension in Obesity; Benefits
LAURA E. FINCH AND A. JANET TOMIYAMA
from Weight Reduction 155
A Discovery Emerging from Aggressive Diet and Exercise
Introduction 189
Therapy in Abdominal Obesity 156
Glucocorticoids and Insulin Promote Stress-Induced
Conclusion 157
Eating 190
References 158
Glucocorticoids and Insulin Promote Visceral Fat
Accumulation 190
Stress-Induced Eating Dampens Physiological and
SECTION 2 Behavioral Stress Responses 191
Reinforcement of Stress-Induced Eating via Affective
DIET, SUPPLEMENTS AND FOODS IN THE
Responses, the Reward System, and
MANAGEMENT OF VISCERAL OBESITY
Enhanced Memory 191
Role of Glucocorticoids and Visceral Fat in Dampening
Stress Responses 192
PART D Conclusion and Future Directions 193
References 194
MECHANISMS OF ALTERING ABDOMINAL
OBESITY
19. Fructose-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia:
15. Effect of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor
A Review
Agonists on Visceral Fat Adiposity, Appetite,
ERIC CAMPBELL, ANNA SCHLAPPAL, ELIANA GELLER, AND THOMAS W.
and Food Preference
CASTONGUAY
YUYA FUJISHIMA AND NORIKAZU MAEDA
Introduction 197
Introduction 167 Therapeutics 202
Central and Peripheral Actions of GLP-1 on Appetite and Summary 202
Food Intake 167 Acknowledgments 203
Effects on Body Weight 168 References 203
Effects on Body Fat Composition 170
Effects on Food Preference and Eating Behavior 171
Conclusions 172 20. Impact of Sex and Lifestyle of Adolescents
References 173
and Their Parents on Obesity
MASAO YOSHINAGA, AYUMI MIYAZAKI, MASAKI SHINOMIYA,
16. Effects of Sleeve Gastrectomy on MACHIKO AOKI, TAKASHI HAMAJIMA, AND MASAMI NAGASHIMA
Calcium Metabolism
Introduction 207
JAIME RUIZ-TOVAR AND RAFAEL CALPENA Methods 207
Results 210
Changes in Nutritional Status 177 Discussion 212
Effects on Calcium Levels 177 Conclusion 214
Effects on Vitamin D Levels 178 Acknowledgments 215
Effects on Parathyroid Hormone Levels 178 References 215
Effects on Bone Mineral Density 178
References 179
21. Physical Activity, Inflammatory Cytokines,
17. Intermittent Versus Daily Calorie Restriction Endothelial Dysfunction, and Risk of Coronary Artery
in Visceral Fat Loss Diseases in Visceral Obesity
JOHN F. TREPANOWSKI AND KRISTA A. VARADY PASCAL LAURANT, CATHERINE RIVA, AND AGNES VINET
Introduction 181 Introduction 217
Methods 181 Disturbances to Endothelial Function and Cardiovascular
Results 184 Inflammatory Pathways in Visceral Obesity 217
Discussion 186 Physical Activity Preserves Endothelial Dysfunction and
Conflicts of Interest 187 Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects 220
Acknowledgments 187 Conclusion 221
References 187 References 221
viii
CONTENTS
PART E Influence of Bread Consumption on Abdominal Obesity
Treatment 273
DIETARY FOODS AND VISCERAL FAT
Effects of Low-Carbohydrate vs. Low-Fat Diets 275
ACCUMULATION AND REMOVAL Hypotheses on the Mechanism of Action by Which
Bread Consumption Influences
22. Fermented Soypastes, Doenjang and Abdominal Obesity 276
Cheonggukjang, and Obesity Energy Density 276
Glycemic Index 276
MYOUNGSOOK LEE AND YONGSOON PARK
Dietary Fiber 276
Soybean and Fermented Soypaste 227 Gut Microbiota 277
Antiobesity Effects of Isoflavones 228 Conclusions 277
Mechanisms Involved in Fermented Soypaste Antiobesity References 277
Activity 228
Antiobesity Effects of Fermented Soypastes in Rodents 229 26. Role of the Immune System in Obesity-
Antiobesity Effects of Fermented Soypastes in Humans 231 Associated Inflammation and
Conclusion and Future Research Perspectives 233
Insulin Resistance
Acknowledgments 234
References 234 YOSHINORI NAGAI AND KIYOSHI TAKATSU
Introduction 281
23. Alcohol Intake and Hormonal Dysregulation of
Inflammatory Changes in Obesity and Insulin
Food Intake in Visceral Fat Accumulation
Resistance 282
GUSTAVO D. PIMENTEL AND THAYANA O. MICHELETTI Inflammatory Changes of Adipocytes and Immune Cells
in the Adipose Tissue Microenvironment 283
Background 239 Signaling Molecules that Induce or Reduce Obesity-
Alcohol Metabolism 239 Associated Inflammation and Insulin Resistance 285
Alcohol Intake and Appetite Control 240 GPR120 289
Alcohol Consumption and Hormonal Deregulation 240 Immunotherapy for Insulin Resistance 289
Effects of Alcohol Consumption and Abstinence on Appetite Concluding Remarks 290
Regulation 242 Acknowledgments 290
Conclusions 242 References 290
References 242
27. Metabolic Effects of Abdominal Fats in
24. Coffee Intake and Obesity
Animal Models and Humans
GUSTAVO D. PIMENTEL, THAYANA O. MICHELETTI, AND ASTRID NEHLIG
MICHAL M. MASTERNAK
Obesity, Coffee Consumption, and Active Compounds 245
Coffee and Reduction of Obesity Risk: A Vision from Obesity 295
Epidemiological Studies 246 Adipose Tissue: Body Fat 295
Coffee and its Components 247 Body Size, Function, and Health 296
Coffee and the Mechanisms that Underlie its Protective Effects Abdominal Obesity and Cardiovascular Diseases 296
Against Obesity 248 Adipose Tissue and Inflammation 297
Potential Adverse Effects of Coffee 254 Intra-Abdominal Obesity and Diabetes 299
Conclusion 255 Abdominal Obesity and Cancer 300
References 255 Abdominal Obesity and Aging 301
Summary 302
25. Bread Intake and Abdominal Fat References 302
INMACULADA BAUTISTA-CASTAÑO, ALMUDENA SANCHEZ-VILLEGAS,
28. Appetite and Reward Signals in the Brain: Sugar
AND LUIS SERRA-MAJEM
Intake Effects on Brain Activity as Measured by
Introduction 261 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Scientific Evidence 261
SAMANTHA M. HUDGINS, ANNA SCHLAPPAL, AND
Cross-Sectional Studies 261
THOMAS W. CASTONGUAY
Longitudinal Studies 267
Intervention Studies 270 Introduction 307
Summary of the Scientific Evidence about the Influence of Taste and Reward 312
Bread Consumption on Abdominal Obesity 273 Conclusions 313
Influence of Bread Consumption on Abdominal Obesity Acknowledgments 314
Prevention 273 References 314
ix
CONTENTS
PART F Micronutrient Supplementation 345
Recommendations for Nutrition Care After Sleeve
DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS AND VISCERAL Gastrectomy 346
OBESITY References 347
29. Flaxseed Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside
PART G
and Visceral Obesity
MACROMOLECULES IN FOODS AND DIETS
JAE B. PARK
AND ABDOMINAL OBESITY
Introduction 317
Flaxseed Chemicals 317 32. Dairy Whey Proteins and Obesity
Chemical Properties, Absorption, and Metabolism of
SEBELY PAL, SIMONE RADAVELLI-BAGATINI,
Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside 318
SULEEN HO, JENNY-LEE MCKAY, MARTIN HAGGER,
Bioavailability of Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside 319
AND MONICA JANE
Effects of Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside on Obesity and
Levels of Reactive Oxygen Species 320 Introduction 351
Effects of Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside on Adipose Whey Proteins and Health 351
Tissues 321
Metabolic Effects of
Effects of Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside on Plasma
Whey Proteins 352
Lipids and Cholesterols 322
Conclusion 358
Effects of Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside on Adiponectin,
Acknowledgments 358
TNF-α, IL-6, and Systemic Inflammation 323
References 358
Effects of Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside on Obesity-
Related Hypertension 324
33. Probiotics to Treat Visceral Obesity and
Conclusion 324
Acknowledgments 324 Related Liver Disease
References 324
PIETRO VAJRO, MARCO POETA, LUCA PIERRI, CRISTINA PIZZA,
ROBERTA D’ANIELLO, MARIA SANGERMANO, GRAZIA MASSA,
30. Carotenoids as a Nutraceutical Therapy for AND GIULIA PAOLELLA
Visceral Obesity
Introduction 363
KAZUO MIYASHITA AND MASASHI HOSOKAWA
Metabolic Syndrome 363
Obesity Pathogenesis 364
Introduction 329
Intestinal Microbiota and the Gut-Liver Axis 365
Carotenoids 330
Antiobesity Effect of Fucoxanthin 330 Microbiota, Gut-Liver Axis, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver
Accumulation of Fucoxanthin Metabolites in Abdominal Disease 369
White Adipose Tissue 331 Fructose, Obesity, and Liver Involvement 370
UCP 1 Induction in Abdominal White Adipose Tissue by Intestinal Microbiota and Gut-Liver Axis Manipulation by
Fucoxanthin 332 Probiotics 371
Downregulation of Insulin Resistance-Inducing Probiotics, Obesity, and Visceral Fat Disorders 372
Adipocytokines in Abdominal White Adipose Tissue Probiotics Use in Fatty Liver Disease 374
by Fucoxanthin 334 Conclusions 376
Fucoxanthin Upregulates GLUT4 in Skeletal Muscle 335 References 376
Fucoxanthin Intake Improves Glucose Level and has In
Vivo Antioxidant Activity 336 34. Beta-Cryptoxanthin, a Novel Carotenoid Derived
Conclusion 337
from Satsuma Mandarin, Prevents Abdominal Obesity
References 337
KATSUHIKO TAKAYANAGI AND KATSUYUKI MUKAI
31. Nutritional Deficiencies in Obese Sleeve
Introduction 381
Gastrectomy Patients
Epidemiology of Beta-Cryptoxanthin 382
ANTJE DAMMS-MACHADO AND STEPHAN C. BISCHOFF Industrial Production of Beta-Cryptoxanthin 382
Beta-Cryptoxanthin and Obesity 383
Introduction 341
Beta-Cryptoxanthin Reduces the Visceral Fat in Mildly
Sleeve Gastrectomy: Dietary Restriction and
Associated Mechanisms 341 Obese Humans 391
Preoperative Nutritional Deficiencies in Bariatric The Mechanism of Beta-Cryptoxanthin-Dependent Obesity
Surgery Candidates 341 Prevention 392
Postoperative Nutritional Deficiencies After Sleeve Conclusion 397
Gastrectomy 342 References 397