Nutrition : From Science to You

943 Pages·2010·48.008 MB·English

by  Joan Salge Blake, Kathy D. Munoz, Stella Volpe

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Nutrition
From Science to You
Joan Salge Blake
Boston University
Kathy D. Munoz
Humboldt State University
Stella Volpe
University of Pennsylvania
Benjamin Cummings
San Francisco Boston New York
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Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Blake,Joan Salge.
Nutrition:from science to you / Joan Salge Blake,Kathy D.Munoz,Stella Volpe.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 10:0-321-51319-3; ISBN 13:978-0-321-51319-9 (Student edition)
ISBN 10:0-321-59235-2; ISBN 13:978-0-321-59235-4 (Professional copy)
1. Nutrition/—Textbooks./Munoz,Kathy D.,1951– II. Volpe,Stella,1963–
III.Title.
RA784.B553 2010
613.2—dc22
2009024430
ISBN 10:0-321-51319-3;ISBN 13:978-0-321-51319-9 (Student edition)
ISBN 10:0-321-59235-2;ISBN 13:978-0-321-59235-4 (Professional copy)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910—CRK—15 14 13 12 11 10
Manufactured in the United States ofAmerica.
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About the Authors
Joan Salge Blake, MS, RD, LDN
Boston University
Joan Salge Blake is a Clinical Associate Professor and Dietetics Internship Director at
Boston University’s Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences. She
teaches both graduate and undergraduate nutrition courses. She received her MS
from Boston University.
Joan is a member of the American Dietetic Association and the Massachusetts
Dietetic Association (MDA).She has been a presenter and Presiding Officer at both
the ADA Annual Meeting and the MDA Annual Convention and is a guest lecturer at
the Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine. She was previously
named MDA’s “Young Dietitian of the Year”and is the past Director of Education
and Nominating Committee Chairperson for the MDA.She currently serves on the
MDA board. Joan has received the Whitney Powers Excellence in Teaching award
from Boston University and the Annie Galbraith Outstanding Dietitian award from
the Massachusetts Dietetic Association.
In addition to teaching and writing,Joan has a private practice specializing in weight
management and lifestyle changes. Joan is often asked to translate complex nutri-
tional issues in popular terms.As an ADA National Spokesperson she conducts over
100 media interviews annually,and is a nutrition contributor ofarticles to a variety
ofmagazines.
Kathy D. Munoz, EdD, RD
Humboldt State University
Kathy D.Munoz is a professor ofnutrition and Chair ofthe Department ofKinesiol-
ogy and Recreation Administration at Humboldt State University.She teaches under-
graduate introductory nutrition,exercise nutrition and weight management courses,
and graduate exercise nutrition.She received her EdD from the University ofSouth-
ern California in curriculum design and an MS in Foods and Nutrition with a minor
in exercise physiology from Oregon State University.Kathy has published research in
the areas ofnutrition and exercise,weight management,and body composition.
Kathy is a member ofthe American Dietetic Association and the California Dietetic
Association.She has published articles in Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,
Children’s Health Care,theJournal ofNutrition Education,and the International Jour-
nal ofSport Nutrition and Exercise,and has co-authored a series ofcurriculum guides
for elementary teachers.Kathy has also been recognized for her research in,and de-
velopment of,asynchronous learning.
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Stella L. Volpe, PhD, RD, LDN
University of Pennsylvania
Stella Volpe is the Miriam Stirl Term Associate Professor of Nutrition in the School
ofNursing at University ofPennsylvania.She is a nutritionist and exercise physiolo-
gist whose research is on obesity prevention,body composition,bone mineral den-
sity,and mineral metabolism and exercise.Stella’s current research revolves around
the effects of the environment on obesity. Stella teaches introductory courses on
nutrition and on nutrition,exercise,and fitness.She received her PhD from Virginia
Tech.
Stella is a Core Member ofthe Biobehavioral Research Center,an Associated Faculty
Member ofthe Center for Health Disparities in the School ofNursing,an Associate
Scholar in the Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics,an Associate Fac-
ulty Member in the Graduate Program in Public Health,a co-Director in Excellence
in Partnerships for Community Outreach, Research on Health Disparities, and
Training (EXPORT),and a Member ofthe Penn Diabetes Center,all in the School of
Medicine.
Among her professional memberships,Stella is a Fellow of the American College of
Sports Medicine and a member ofthe American College ofNutrition,the American
Society for Nutritional Sciences, the American Society of Clinical Nutrition, the
American Dietetic Association, Community-Campus Partnerships for Health, and
Sigma Xi.
iv About the Authors
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Why We Wrote
Nutrition: From Science to You
We wrote Nutrition: From Science to Youto provide you with a solid foundation about
nutrition and how it affects youand your nutritional needs,concerns,and questions.
Between the three of us,we have more than 40 years of teaching college-level
nutrition.We’ve conducted and published research, studied the literature, and lis-
tened to and watched our students learn this science.We’ve made copious notes re-
garding students’questions,interests,concerns,and misunderstandings,both in and
outside the classroom.These years ofexperience have culminated in a textbook that
we believe translates the latest nutrition science into a readable format to provide
you with information that you can easily incorporate into your life and the lives of
others. As a college student, you are exposed to a steady stream of nutrition and
health information from the media, your family and friends, and the Internet.Al-
though you may think Google has the answer to your nutrition questions,we have
seen students frequently fall victim to misinformation found via a quick Web search
and a few glitzy websites.We designed Nutrition: From Science to You to be as user
friendly as possible,and packed exclusively with sound nutrition information.The
text goes beyond basic nutrition science and provides realistic advice and strategies
to help you apply what you learn in your own life.The text is written to meet your
nutritional concerns and answer yourquestions.
As you read Nutrition: From Science to You,we want you to feel as though you
are sitting in our class being engaged in the latest science of nutrition.For this rea-
son, the text is written in a conversational tone designed to visually communicate
complex nutrition science and topics in an easy-to-understand way.
The information in each chapter is presented using a “What,” “Why,” and
“How”format in which we explain:
“What”the nutrition concept is and the science that supports it
“Why”it is important and what role it plays in the body
“How”to easily adjust and improve your diet based on what you just learned
“What” Is the Nutrition Concept?
Each chapter begins with a Campus Corner,a short scenario involving a college stu-
dent who is experiencing a common nutrition-related situation pertinent to the
chapter topic.Don’t be surprised ifthe student reminds you ofyourself,your room-
mate,or a relative! We want you to be able to immediately relate to the character in
the scenario and his or her nutrition problem.As you read, you will learn how to
apply the information in the chapter to this person’s life situation (and yours) in a
practical way and you will see the person revisited at several points throughout the
chapter as you learn more.
The popular Myths and Misconceptions Pretest is the chapter-opening quiz
that will help you recognize misperceptions that you may have about the chapter
topic.The answers to these pretest questions are woven throughout the chapter and a
complete explanation is given at the end ofthe chapter.
Our vision in writing this textbook was to present the science of nutrition and
supporting chemistry and physiology in an easy-to-understand format surrounded
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by colorful and visually appealing photos and illustrations that make the informa-
tion memorable.The Visual Summary Tableshave been specifically chosen and de-
signed to help you understand and remember nutrition concepts and the important
roles that featured nutrients play in your body and diet.You will find these sum-
maries at the end of each macronutrient chapter (Carbohydrates,Lipids,Proteins,
and Water). In the micronutrients chapters (Fat-Soluble Vitamins, Water-Soluble
Vitamins, Major Minerals, and Trace Minerals), they comprise the bulk of each
chapter.Each micronutrient is presented in a consistent,easily studied format that
covers what the micronutrient is, its functions, daily needs, food sources, and the
consequences oftoo much or too little in the diet.
The Feature boxeswoven throughout the text present more in-depth informa-
tion on up-to-date topics of interest, including protein bars, enhanced beverages,
bottled water,and food allergies.The necessary calculations that you will use in your
professional life are highlighted in Calculation Corner boxes, and you’ll find a
review of key chemistry concepts in the Chemistry Boost boxes.Because we are
passionate about our profession as Registered Dietitians (RD) and health care pro-
fessionals,we’ve included a feature entitled Careers in Nutritionto provide you with
an insight into this growing profession.These interviews with a wide variety ofpro-
fessionals in the field ofnutrition are described briefly in the text and can be found
in full on this book’s companion website.You’ll also note in selected places in the text
HEALTH FOCUS a HealthFocusicon.Whereas nutrition affects health in innumerable ways,we have
highlighted four areas (heart disease, cancer, hypertension, and diabetes) in which
the effects ofdiet are especially pronounced.
“Why” Is the Nutrition Concept
Important to You?
Chapters contain Self-Assessmentsthat will help you determine whether your cur-
rent diet and lifestyle habits need a little fine-tuning.The self-assessments were de-
veloped to help you reflect upon your current diet and consider changes to
implement.The Top Ten Points to Rememberat the end ofeach chapter boils down
the most important concepts ofthe entire chapter.Lastly,the Putting It All Together
section at the end of each chapter builds upon all the chapters before it and shows
you how the material learned in the current chapter fits in with the material learned
in previous chapters.
“How” to Easily Adjust Your Lifestyle
This book is filled with tools and tips to help you make positive diet and lifestyle
changes.The Food Source Diagramsvisually provide you with the most robust food
sources ofeach nutrient and are based on the MyPyramid design.For additional in-
formation on the nutritional values of common foods,The Food Composition Table
is available to complement this text.The Table Tipsare short,snappy lists ofpracti-
cal changes that will help you achieve lasting improvements in your diet and lifestyle.
The what,why,and howof nutrition research is presented in the Focus on Re-
search feature. These research summaries will help you develop critical thinking
skills related to reading and interpreting current research.
Finally,the Two Points ofViewfeature at the end ofeach chapter contains ques-
tions and answers from two experts representing their viewpoints on a timely topic.
This feature will encourage you to think critically about pro and con arguments on a
given issue and decide for yourself which side you agree with.You will be applying
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the critical thinking skills that you learned in the chapter as you read each expert’s
point ofview.
Remember,nutrition matters to you!What you eat today and tomorrow will af-
fect you and your body for years to come.Just as important,what you learn about
nutrition today will enable you to make a positive effect on the lives of others from
now on.
Joan Salge Blake,MS,RD,LDN
Boston University
Kathy D.Munoz,EdD,RD
Humboldt State University
Stella L.Volpe,PhD,RD,LDN
University ofPennsylvania
Acknowledgments
It takes a village, and then some, when it comes to writing a dynamic textbook.
Nutrition: From Science to You is no exception. We personally want to extend our
gratitude to all ofthose who passionately shared their expertise and support to make
Nutrition: From Science to Youbetter than we could have envisioned.
Beginning with the energetic staff at Benjamin Cummings, we would like to
thank Sandy Lindelof,who helped make our vision for this textbook into a reality.
Cheryl Cechvala’s on-the-mark developmental editing improved Nutrition: From
Science to Youand made it enjoyable to read.It takes a project manager to make sure
the village runs on a schedule,and Susan Malloy and Katie Cook kept us on track,es-
pecially when the FedEx packages were arriving daily.A textbook needs cracker-jack
supplements and assistant editor Emily Portwood worked diligently to obtain the
best for Nutrition: From Science to You.Thanks also to assistant editor Shannon Cutt
and editorial assistants Jacob Evans and Brianna Paulson for all oftheir work,espe-
cially in commissioning reviewers during the developmental stages ofthis book.
A very special thanks to Caroline Ayres,production supervisor extraordinaire,
and Chris Schabow,production coordinator at The Left Coast Group,for all oftheir
hard work shepherding this book through to publication.Our humble appreciation
also goes to Kelly Murphy,art development editor,for turning our rudimentary stick
figures into true pieces of art; to Kristin Piljay for obtaining the most vivid and
unique photos available;to Marilyn Perry,whose design made the text,art,and pho-
tos all came alive;and to Yvo Riezebos,whose efforts we must thank for the book’s
beautiful cover.
Marketing takes energy,and that’s exactly what marketing manager Neena Bali
and her energetic team seem to generate nonstop.Our thoughtful thanks to Brooke
Suchomel for coordinating the focus groups,market research,and enlisting the class
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testers. The many instructors who reviewed and class-tested early versions of this
book are listed on the following pages;we are grateful to all of them for helping in
the development of Nutrition: From Science to You. The village also included loyal
contributors who lent their expertise to specific chapters. They are: Tara Smith at
East Carolina University for solidifying the nutrition and fitness chapter;Elizabeth
Quintana at West Virginia University School of Medicine for penning two of the
“lifecycle”chapters;and Jennifer Koslo for writing the older adults lifecycle chapter,
as well as the hunger and food safety chapters.We also thank Julie Lyons for her work
on the “Two Points ofView”interviews.
Lastly,an endless thanks to our colleagues,friends,and especially our families.
Joan would like to “thank my family,Adam,Brendan,and Craig for their love and
support when I was working more than I should have been.”Kathy sends a special
thanks to “my husband Rich and our children Heather,Wes,and Ryan for keeping
me sane and grounded,and my Mom,Dad,and sister Vicki for their steadfast sup-
port.”Stella would like to acknowledge “my husband,Gary Snyder,for his constant
support;and our wonderful dogs,Asko and Cenna,for always reminding me to stop
and smell the roses! And to my Mom and Dad,who both instilled in me a wonderful
relationship with food,especially home grown and homemade food.”
Reviewers
Janet Anderson Jeannette Davidson Susan Gaumont
Utah State University Bradley University Chandler-Gilbert Community
Sandra Baker Holly Dieken College
University ofDelaware University ofTexas Jill Golden
Gita Bangera Johanna Donnenfield Orange Coast College
Bellevue Community College Maricopa Community College Gloria Gonzalez
Lisa Blackman Roberta Durschlag Pensacola Junior College
Tarrant County College Northwest Boston University Donna Handley
Jeanne Boone Brenda Eissenstat University ofRhode Island
Palm Beach Community College Pennsylvania State University William Helferich
John Capeheart Sheryl L.Fuller-Espie University ofIllinois,Urbana
University ofHouston - Downtown Cabrini College Catherine Howard
Susan Chou Eugene Fenster Texarkana College
American River College Monroe Community College - Longview Karen Israel
Nicole Clark Alyce D.Fly Anne Arundel Community College
Indiana University ofPennsylvania Indiana University Seema Jejurikar
Susan Cooper Sara Folta Bellevue Community College
Montana State University Great Falls Tufts University Jayanthi Kandiah
College ofTechnology Betty Forbes Ball State University
Jessica Coppola West Virginia University Vicki Kloosterhouse
Sacramento City College Sue Fredstrom Oakland Community College
Lynn Monahan Couch Minnesota State University Allen Knehans
West Chester University ofPennsylvania Teresa Fung University ofOklahoma
Wendy Cunningham Simmons College Kathy Knight
California State University Sacramento University ofMississippi
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Shui-Ming Kuo Dan Neisner Sherry Stewart
University at Buffalo Walla Walla Community College Navarro College
Robert D.Lee Corin Nishimura Leeann Sticker
Central Michigan University Leeward Community College Northwestern State University
Sharon Lemons Anna Page Susan Swadener
Tarrant County College Northwest Johnson County Community College California Polytechnic State University,
Darlene Levinson Jill Patterson San Luis Obispo
Oakland Community College Pennsylvania State University Janelle Walter
Rose Martin Janet Peterson Baylor University
Iowa State University Linfield College Sandy Walz
Mary Martinez Gwendolyn Pla West Chester University ofPennsylvania
Central New Mexico Community Howard University Daryl Wane
College Roseanne Poole Pasco-Hernando College
George F.McNeil Tallahassee Community College Garrison Wilkes
Fort Hays State University Linda Pope University ofMassachusetts at Boston
Monica Meadows Southwest Tennessee Community College Jessie Yearwood
University ofTexas Elizabeth Quintana El Centro College
Kathleen Melanson West Virginia University Gloria Young
University ofRhode Island Denise Russo Virginia State University
Mithia Mukutmoni Cabrillo College Maureen Zimmerman
Sierra College Kevin Schalinske Mesa Community College
Pat Munn Iowa State University
Longview College
Diana Spillman
Megan Murphy Miami University,Ohio
Southwest Tennessee Community College
Class Testers
Janet Anderson Allen Knehans Renee Romig
Utah State University University ofOklahoma Western Iowa Technical Community
Jeanne Boone Janet Levin College
Palm Beach Community College Pensacola Junior College Janet Sass
Jessica Coppola Darlene Levinson Northern Virginia Community
Sacramento City College Oakland Community College College - Annandale
Robert Cullen Anna Miller Susan Swadener
Illinois State University DeAnza College California Polytechnic State University,
San Luis Obispo
Gloria Gonzales Vijaya Narayanan
Pensacola Junior College Florida International University - Janelle Walter
University Park Baylor University
Jill Goode-Englett
University ofNorthern Alabama Anna Page Suzy Weems
Johnson County Community College Baylor University
Debra Head
University ofCentral Arkansas Nancy Parkinson Jennifer Zimmerman
Miami University,Ohio Tallahassee Community College
Lenka Humenikova-Shriver
Oklahoma State University
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