Nutrition, Exercise and Epigenetics: Ageing Interventions

279 Pages·2015·5.62 MB·English

by  Byung Pal Yu (eds.)

Healthy Ageing and Longevity 2
Series Editor: Suresh I.S. Rattan
Byung Pal Yu E ditor
Nutrition,
Exercise and
Epigenetics:
Ageing
Interventions
Healthy Ageing and Longevity
Volume 2
Series editor
Suresh I.S. Rattan, Aarhus, Denmark
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13277
Byung Pal Yu
Editor
Nutrition, Exercise
and Epigenetics: Ageing
Interventions
123
Editor
ByungPal Yu
Physiology
Universityof TexasHealth ScienceCenter
San Antonio,TX
USA
ISSN 2199-9007 ISSN 2199-9015 (electronic)
Healthy Ageing and Longevity
ISBN 978-3-319-14829-8 ISBN 978-3-319-14830-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-14830-4
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014960341
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Preface
Achievinghealthylongevityisaninnatedesireofhumansandtheultimategoalof
aging research endeavors. Aging intervention, popularly called “anti-aging” refers
to slowing down the progress of aging and the accompanying disease processes.
Manymodernantiagingstudieshaveattemptedtouncovercluesintotheunderlying
mechanismsofagingorameansbywhichtomanipulategenesandgeneregulation
of experimental organisms in effort to modulate the aging process.
The past several decades’ work has made clear that searches for any genetic or
gene manipulation or for aging genes, in particular, have produced disappointing
results. This failure is neither unexpected nor surprising in view of our limited
understanding of the precise functional genomic involvement in aging processes.
Investigations of various other means of aging interventions, like dietary sup-
plements, antioxidants, hormones, and pharmacologic agents, have also produced
only limited and discouraging outcomes. In most cases, the efficacy of these
interventions was shown mainly in disease incidence, not necessarily on the aging
process itself. As we all are aware by now, the most effective aging intervention
requires both the retardation of the aging process and the suppression of accom-
panying diseases, as has been proven by epigenetic calorie restriction (CR) and
physical exercise. One intriguing aspect yet to be answered about these two para-
digms is their similar efficiencies, despite their vastly different modus operandi.
Discernible answers are likely to come from epigenetic analysis showing age-
related modifications to histone, chromatin, and chromosomes, all which are the
targets of differentially modifying calorie restriction or by physical exercise.
Themajor thrustofthisbookistoexposeepigeneticmodifications oftheaging
process that can be attributed to two well-established antiaging modifiers, CR, and
physicalexercise.Atpresent,nootherbookcoveringsimilartopicsisavailableasa
resource book. The majority of the book’s 11 chapters discusses how age-related
epigenetic imprints suchasDNA methylation and histone acetylationaremodified
by these two interventions. Chapter topics were selected to provide the reader not
only insightful mechanistic clues into the ability of CR and exercise to exert
beneficialeffectsinspecificpathophyologicalsystems,butalsotoofferinformation
v
vi Preface
on salient aging research topics, including nutritional epigenetics, chronic inflam-
mation, CR mimetics, and nonhuman primate CR studies.
For the completion of this book, I want express my personal thanks to all the
chapter contributors who spent substantial effort and their valuable time to make
this publication possible. I am also thankful to Dr. Suresh Rattan, Editor-in-Chief,
HealthyAgeingandLongevityBookseries,whoinvitedmetobetheeditorofthis
book. Finally, my thanks go out to Ms. Corinne Price who helped me with her
excellent editorial assistance.
Oneremarkablepossibilityforthefutureofepigeneticaginginterventionisthat
modified histone imprints could become inheritable by passing onto following
generationsthroughthetransgenerationalinheritanceprocess.Advancementofour
knowledge on transgenerational epigenetic inheritance raises hope for new
opportunities in achieving a healthy aging status for future generations without
further interventions.
Byung Pal Yu
Contents
1 Nutritional Epigenetics and Aging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Kyong Chol Kim and Sang-Woon Choi
2 Dietary Restriction, Dietary Design and the Epigenetics
of Aging and Longevity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Craig A. Cooney
3 Anti-inflammatory Action of Calorie Restriction
Underlies the Retardation of Aging and Age-Related Diseases. . . . 49
Dae Hyun Kim, Eun Kyeong Lee, Min Hi Park, Byoung Chul Kim,
Ki Wung Chung, Byung Pal Yu and Hae Young Chung
4 Hormonal Influence and Modulation in Aging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Isao Shimokawa
5 Epigenetic Modulation of Gene Expression by Exercise . . . . . . . . 85
Sataro Goto, Kyojiro Kawakami, Hisashi Naito, Shizuo Katamoto
and Zsolt Radak
6 Metabolic and Antioxidant Adaptation to Exercise:
Role of Redox Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Li Li Ji
7 Sarcopenia and Its Intervention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Kunihiro Sakuma and Akihiko Yamaguchi
8 The Role of Functional Foods and Their Bioactive
Components in Bone Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Bahram H. Arjmandi and Sarah A. Johnson
vii
viii Contents
9 Nutritional Interventions for Cardiovascular Aging
and Age-Related Cardiovascular Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Ken Shinmura
10 Calorie Restriction Mimetics: Progress and Potential . . . . . . . . . . 211
George S. Roth and Donald K. Ingram
11 History of the Study of Calorie Restriction in Nonhuman
Primates Conducted by the National Institute on Aging:
The First Decade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Donald K. Ingram, Julie A. Mattison, Rafael de Cabo
and George S. Roth
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Chapter 1
Nutritional Epigenetics and Aging
Kyong Chol Kim and Sang-Woon Choi
Abstract Epigenetics refers to an inheritable but reversible phenomenon that
changesgeneexpressionwithoutalteringtheunderlyingDNAsequence.Thus,itis
a change in phenotype without a change in genotype. The field of epigenetics is
quickly growing especially because environmental and lifestyle factors can epige-
neticallyinteractwithgenesanddetermineanindividual’ssusceptibilitytodisease.
Interestingly,agingisassociatedwithsubstantialchangesinepigeneticphenomena.
Aging induces global DNA hypomethylation and gene-specific DNA hyperme-
thylation due to the altered expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs).
Histone acetylation can also be changed by age associated imbalance of histone
acetyltransferases(HATs)andhistonedeacetylases(HDACs).Itisalsoknownthat
the profile ofmicroRNA expression changes with age. However, it is not yetclear
whether these epigenetic changes are genetically preprogrammed or just randomly
acquiredduetovariousenvironmentalandlifestylefactors.Whatevertheansweris,
itisclearthatepigeneticalterationscausedbyagingmayprovideamilieuthatcan
develop age-associated diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neuro-
cognitive diseases and metabolic diseases. Nutrition is one of the most important
environmentalfactorsthatcanmodifyepigeneticphenomena.Therefore,onemight
speculate that nutrition may delay the age-associated epigenetic change and pos-
sibly reverse the aberrant epigenetic phenomena that can cause age-associated
diseases. Indeed, many nutrients and bioactive food components, which can affect
one-carbon metabolism that can regulate methylation of DNA and histone or
directly inhibit epigenetic modifying enzymes, are showing promising results in
delaying the aging process and preventing age-associated diseases through epige-
netic mechanisms.
K.C.Kim(cid:1)S.-W.Choi(&)
ChaumLifeCenter,CHAUniversitySchoolofMedicine,442,Dosan-daero,Gangnam-gu,
Seoul135-948,Korea
e-mail:[email protected]
K.C.Kim
e-mail:[email protected]
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 1
B.P.Yu(ed.),Nutrition,ExerciseandEpigenetics:AgeingInterventions,
HealthyAgeingandLongevity2,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-14830-4_1