Nutrition and the Eye: Basic and Clinical Research (Developments in Ophthalmology, Vol. 38)

161 Pages·2005·1.69 MB·English

by  Albert J. Augustin

Nutrition and the Eye
Developments in
Ophthalmology
Vol.38
Series Editor
W. Behrens-Baumann Magdeburg
Nutrition and the Eye
Basic and Clinical Research
Volume Editor
Albert J. Augustin Karlsruhe
20 figures, 5 in color, and 17 tables, 2005
Basel·Freiburg·Paris·London·New York·
Bangalore·Bangkok·Singapore·Tokyo·Sydney
Albert J.Augustin
Augenklinik
Moltkestrasse 90
DE-76133 Karlsruhe (Germany)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Nutrition and the eye / volume editor, Albert J. Augustin.
p. ; cm. – (Developments in ophthalmology, ISSN 0250-3751 ; v. 38)
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
ISBN 3-8055-7838-5 (hard cover : alk. paper)
1. Eye–Diseases–Prevention. 2. Eye–Diseases–Nutritional aspects. 3.
Dietary supplements–Therapeutic use.
[DNLM: 1. Dietary Supplements. 2. Eye Diseases–prevention & control. 3.
Drug Evaluation. 4. Nutrition. WW 140 N9756 2005] I. Augustin, Albert J.
II. Series.
RE48.N88 2005
617.7(cid:1)061–dc22
2004021345
Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents®and
Index Medicus.
Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and
dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication.
However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information
relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any
change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when
the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying,
or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
© Copyright 2005 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH–4009 Basel (Switzerland)
www.karger.com
Printed in Switzerland on acid-free paper by Reinhardt Druck, Basel
ISSN 0250–3751
ISBN 3–8055–7838–5
Contents
VI List of Contributors
VII Preface
Augustin, A.J. (Karlsruhe)
Introduction
1 Chemopreventive Compounds in the Diet
Schreier, P. (Würzburg)
Biochemistry
59 Vitamin C,Vitamin E and Flavonoids
Janisch, K.M.; Milde, J.; Schempp, H.; Elstner, E.F. (Freising)
70 Macular Carotenoids:Lutein and Zeaxanthin
Stahl, W. (Düsseldorf)
89 Selenium,Selenoproteins and Vision
Flohé, L. (Magdeburg)
Clinics
103 Nutritional Supplementation to Prevent Cataract Formation
Meyer, C.H.; Sekundo, W. (Marburg)
120 Nutrition and Retina
Schmidt-Erfurth, U. (Vienna)
148 Author Index
149 Subject Index
V
List of Contributors
E.F.Elstner,Prof.Dr. Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth,Prof.Dr.med.
TUM Weihenstephan, Center of Life and Food Universitätsklinik der Augenheilkunde und
Sciences Optometrie
Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie Währingergürtel 18-20
Am Hochanger 2 AT-1090 Vienna (Austria)
DE-85350 Freising (Germany) Tel. (cid:2)43 140 4007930
Fax (cid:2)43 140 4007932
Leopold Flohé,Prof.Dr. E-Mail [email protected]
MOLISA GmbH
Universitätsplatz 2 Peter Schreier,Prof.Dr.
DE-39106 Magdeburg (Germany) Lehrstuhl für Lebensmittelchemie
Tel. (cid:2)49 331 7480950 Universität Würzburg
E-Mail [email protected] Am Hubland
DE-97074 Würzburg (Germany)
K.M.Janisch,Dr. E-Mail [email protected]
TUM Weihenstephan, Center of Life and Food
Sciences Walter Sekundo,Priv.-Doz.Dr.med.
Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie Department of Ophthalmology
Am Hochanger 2 Philipps University of Marburg
DE-85350 Freising (Germany) Robert-Koch-Strasse 4
DE-35037 Marburg (Germany)
Carsten H.Meyer,Dr.med. Tel. (cid:2)49 6421 2862643
Department of Ophthalmology Fax (cid:2)49 6421 2865678
Philipps University of Marburg E-Mail [email protected]
Robert-Koch-Strasse 4
DE-35037 Marburg (Germany) W.Stahl,Prof.Dr.
Tel. (cid:2)49 6421 2862616 Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
Fax (cid:2)49 6421 2865678 Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I
E-Mail [email protected] PO Box 101007
DE-40001 Düsseldorf (Germany)
J.Milde,Dr. Tel. (cid:2)49 211 8112711
TUM Weihenstephan, Center of Life and Food Fax (cid:2)49 211 8113029
Sciences E-Mail [email protected]
Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie
Am Hochanger 2
DE-85350 Freising (Germany)
H.Schempp,Dr.
TUM Weihenstephan, Center of Life and Food
Sciences
Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie
Am Hochanger 2
DE-85350 Freising (Germany)
VI
Preface
In the last 10 years, there has been growing interest in antioxidants and food
supplements. Many diseases of the human body, especially those of the eye, are
initiated by oxidative metabolites leading to oxidative tissue damage. One of the
most important agents contributing to oxidative damage of eye tissue is the phys-
iological stimulus – light. These effects were studied extensively in the early
1980s. However, successful procedures for lens removal and replacement by
intraocular lenses have reduced the enthusiasm for further research. New
approaches for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have
resulted in an overwhelming increase in the interest to continue with research in
the field of AMD and related diseases. This was further enhanced by the finding
that the lens can protect the macula by filtering the high-energy portion of the
visible spectrum of light. In addition, we have learned that numerous diseases of
the retina are mediated by oxidative tissue damage. This damage can be initiated
and propagated by light- and/or inflammatory-mediated mechanisms as in AMD
or by the result of oxidative metabolites of another origin. The generation of
advanced glycation end products and the consecutive propagation of oxidative
processes play an important role in the pathogenesis of proliferative diabetic
retinopathy. Interestingly, there is an association between the generation of
oxidative metabolites and inflammatory reaction and expression of growth fac-
tors such as VEGF, with cause and effect being taken into consideration.
In the aging organism, several antioxidative protective mechanisms are
reduced in both their function and concentration. Consequentially, the phar-
maceutical industry has put an overwhelming amount of food supplements on
the market, which is confusing for physician and consumer alike. In addition,
VII
we know that the application of antioxidative agents can lead to a prooxidative
or counter-reaction of those substances and disturb the balance of the antiox-
idative network. Fortunately, basic research findings have enhanced our
knowledge of free radical mediated processes. These findings are an important
contribution when making recommendations for which of antioxidative sub-
stances should be given.
This textbook is divided into two major sections: (1) basic research focus-
ing on the major compounds of nutrition and food supplements, and (2) clini-
cal research providing the latest information on the results of important clinical
studies. The first section gives further insight into the mechanisms of action of
major substances relevant to antioxidants and food supplements in relation to
eye diseases. Recommendations for maximum consumption of the respective
substances are given. The consequence and relevance of one of the most impor-
tant trace elements – selenium – is discussed in a separate section. This is also
true for vitamins E and C as well as for lutein and zeaxanthin, the physiologi-
cal macular pigment. The second section focuses on both anterior and posterior
segment diseases which might be influenced by food supplementation and/or
antioxidants. The latest relevant studies for daily clinical work are discussed. In
addition, the oxidative pathomechanisms of the most important disease
processes are explained.
It is therefore hoped that this textbook, intended for clinicians and basic
vision scientists, will enhance the interest in oxidative processes in eye diseases
and increase research activity, especially in eye diseases leading to blindness
such as diabetic retinopathy and AMD.
Albert J. Augustin
Karlsruhe
Preface VIII
Introduction
Augustin A (ed): Nutrition and the Eye.
Dev Ophthalmol. Basel, Karger, 2005, vol 38, pp 1–58
Chemopreventive Compounds
in the Diet
Peter Schreier
Lehrstuhl für Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Abstract
The actual knowledge about food sources, functions and nutrient-nutrient interactions,
deficiencies as well as chemopreventive properties including risk/benefit considerations of
vitamins C and E, selected carotenoids and flavonoids, as well as copper, zinc and selenium,
and (cid:1)-lipoic is reviewed.
Copyright © 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel
Evidence from both epidemiological and experimental observations has
shown that the high consumption of fruits and vegetables may help to prevent
diseases in humans. Because of their well-documented properties, several vita-
mins, polyphenols and flavonoids, as well as trace elements have found partic-
ular attention as potential chemopreventive agents in our diet.
In the following, the actual knowledge about sources, functions and inter-
actions, deficiencies as well as chemopreventive properties of vitamins C and E,
carotenoids, flavonoids, copper, zinc and selenium, as well as (cid:1)-lipoic acid is
summarized.
Vitamin C
Vitamin C, L-ascorbic acid (R-5[(S)-1,2-dihydroxymethyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-
5H-furan-2-one), is a water-soluble vitamin. Unlike most mammals, humans
donot have the ability to make their own vitamin C. Therefore, we must obtain
vitamin C through our diet.
Food Sources
As shown in table 1, different fruits and vegetables vary in their vitamin C
content. In several foods, such as cabbage, L-ascorbic acid is found in form of