Nutrition and functional foods for healthy aging

387 Pages·2017·10.72 MB·English

by  Ronald Ross Watson

NUTRITION AND FUNCTIONAL FOODS
FOR HEALTHY AGING
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NUTRITION AND
FUNCTIONAL
FOODS FOR
HEALTHY AGING
Edited by
Ronald Ross Watson
University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, and School of Medicine,
Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Contents
List of Contributors ...................................................................................................................................xiii
Preface .......................................................................................................................................................xv
Acknowledgments .....................................................................................................................................xvii
I
OVERVIEW HEALTH AND AGING
1. Impact of Nutrition on Healthy Aging
PRABHAKAR VISSAVAJJHALA
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................................................3
Dietary Fiber ......................................................................................................................................................................................................3
GI and Gut Microbiota .....................................................................................................................................................................................4
The Role of SCFAs in Health and Disease .....................................................................................................................................................5
Ongoing and Future Directions ........................................................................................................................................................................8
References ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................8
2. Aging and the Recovery of Skin Function and Appearance
ADELE SPARAVIGNA
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................11
Skin Aging ......................................................................................................................................................................................................11
Diet and Skin Aging .......................................................................................................................................................................................12
The Mediterranean Diet .................................................................................................................................................................................14
References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................15
3. Changes in Nutritional Needs With Aging
TERESA JUAREZ-CEDILLO
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................17
Age-Related Changes Affect Nutrition .........................................................................................................................................................17
Changes in Nutritional Needs ........................................................................................................................................................................18
Using Supplements .........................................................................................................................................................................................19
Assessing Nutritional Status ...........................................................................................................................................................................20
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................................................21
References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................21
4. Sugars, Glucocorticoids, and the Hypothalamic Controls of Appetite
THOMAS W. CASTONGUAY AND SAMANTHA HUDGINS
Overview .........................................................................................................................................................................................................23
The Lipogenesis Hypothesis ...........................................................................................................................................................................24
Sugar Solutions and the Hypothalamus .........................................................................................................................................................29
Sugars and the Hypothalamus: Evidence From Humans ...............................................................................................................................31
Conclusions and Summary .............................................................................................................................................................................32
References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................32
v
vi CONTENTS
5. Appetite Regulation in Healthy Aging
STIJN SOENEN AND IAN CHAPMAN
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................35
Reduced Appetite and Energy Intake During Aging .....................................................................................................................................35
Less Suppression of Appetite and Energy Intake in Older People ................................................................................................................36
Gastrointestinal Regulation of Appetite and Energy Intake .........................................................................................................................36
Appetite Regulation in Healthy Older Subjects ............................................................................................................................................37
Appetite Regulation in Malnourished Older Subjects ..................................................................................................................................38
Loss of Body Weight During Aging................................................................................................................................................................38
Loss of Muscle Mass During Aging ................................................................................................................................................................39
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................................................39
References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................40
6. Human Microbiome and Aging
SEEMA JOSHI AND MELISSA NAVINSKEY
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................43
Human Microbiome ........................................................................................................................................................................................43
Microbiome Through the Human Life Cycle ................................................................................................................................................44
Microbiome and the Immune Response.........................................................................................................................................................44
Impact of Diet on Microbiota.........................................................................................................................................................................45
Therapeutic Interventions for Microbial Manipulation ................................................................................................................................45
Implications for Health and Disease ..............................................................................................................................................................46
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................................................49
Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................................................................................................49
References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................49
7. Fibromyalgia Syndrome: Role of Obesity and Nutrients
MANISHA J. OZA, MAYURESH S. GARUD, ANIL BHANUDAS GAIKWAD AND YOGESH A. KULKARNI
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................53
Pathophysiology of Fibromyalgia ....................................................................................................................................................................53
Fibromyalgia and Obesity ...............................................................................................................................................................................54
Symptoms of FMS and Obesity ......................................................................................................................................................................55
Role of Diet and Micronutrients in Fibromyalgia .........................................................................................................................................56
Summary ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................59
References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................59
8. Aging and Gait
KUNAL SINGHAL AND JEFFREY B. CASEBOLT
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................65
Mechanics of Changes in Gait .......................................................................................................................................................................65
Changes in Body Structure and Physiological Functions ..............................................................................................................................69
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................................................71
References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................72
9. Assessment of Nutritional Status in the Elderly
TERESA KOKOT, EWA MALCZYK, EWA ZIÓŁKO, MAŁGORZATA MUC-WIERZGOŃ AND EDYTA FATYGA
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................75
Medical History With a Particular Emphasis on the Nutritional History and Physical Examination ........................................................75
Anthropometric Tests .....................................................................................................................................................................................76
Biochemical Tests ............................................................................................................................................................................................78
Survey Methods...............................................................................................................................................................................................79
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................................................80
References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................80
CONTENTS vii
10. Eating Capability Assessments in Elderly Populations
LAURA LAGUNA, ANWESHA SARKAR AND JIANSHE CHEN
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................83
Eating Capability: Definition and Constituents ............................................................................................................................................84
Hand Force Assessments .................................................................................................................................................................................86
Actions in the Oral Cavity: Mastication and Swallowing ............................................................................................................................87
Tongue Capability Assessment .......................................................................................................................................................................90
Swallowing Capability Assessment ................................................................................................................................................................92
Assessing Sensing Capability ..........................................................................................................................................................................93
The Eating Capability Concept in Use ..........................................................................................................................................................93
Conclusions .....................................................................................................................................................................................................96
References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................96
II
NUTRIENTS (VITAMINS AND MINERALS) IN HEALTH
IN AGING ADULTS
11. Healthy Food Choice and Dietary Behavior in the Elderly
CHRISTINE BROMBACH, MARIANNE LANDMANN, KATRIN ZIESEMER, SILKE BARTSCH AND GERTRUD WINKLER
Why Do We Eat What We Eat? ...................................................................................................................................................................101
Determinants of Dietary Behavior................................................................................................................................................................102
Design and Methods .....................................................................................................................................................................................104
Discussion and Applications .........................................................................................................................................................................107
References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................108
12. Vitamin D and Diabetes in Elderly People
NICOLA VERONESE, ENZO MANZATO AND GIUSEPPE SERGI
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................111
Potential Mechanisms and Pathways for an Effect of Vitamin D in Diabetes ...........................................................................................111
Epidemiological Evidence of Hypovitaminosis D as a Risk Factor for Diabetes ........................................................................................112
Vitamin D and Diabetes in the Elderly ........................................................................................................................................................113
Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................................................................115
References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................115
13. Vitamin D and the Elderly Orthopedic Patient
GERRIT STEFFEN MAIER, ANDREAS ALOIS KURTH, KONSTANTIN HORAS, KRISTINA KOLBOW,
JÖRN BENGT SEEGER, KLAUS EDGAR ROTH, DJORDJE LAZOVIC AND UWE MAUS
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................117
Vitamin D ......................................................................................................................................................................................................117
References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................121
14. Vitamins and Minerals in Older Adults: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Deficiency
JENNIFER DOLEY
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................125
Needs .............................................................................................................................................................................................................126
Causes of Deficiency .....................................................................................................................................................................................127
Diagnosis of Deficiency .................................................................................................................................................................................134
Treatment ......................................................................................................................................................................................................135
Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................137
References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................137
viii CONTENTS
15. The Role of B Group Vitamins and Choline in Cognition and Brain Aging
FRANCESCO BONETTI, GLORIA BROMBO AND GIOVANNI ZULIANI
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................139
Role of B Group Vitamins and Choline in Normal Brain Functioning and Neuroprotection ..................................................................140
The Homocysteine Cycle: Biochemistry and Clinical Implications ...........................................................................................................149
Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................................................................152
References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................153
16. Vitamin B Deficiency in the Elderly
12
CHIT WAI WONG
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................159
Vitamin B Absorption ................................................................................................................................................................................159
12
Vitamin B Metabolism and Function ........................................................................................................................................................160
12
Causes of Vitamin B Deficiency in the Elderly .........................................................................................................................................161
12
Clinical Manifestations of Vitamin B Deficiency .....................................................................................................................................162
12
Diagnosis of Vitamin B Deficiency ............................................................................................................................................................163
12
Vitamin B Deficiencies in the Institutionalized Elderly ...........................................................................................................................164
12
Therapeutic Management .............................................................................................................................................................................164
Screening for Vitamin B Deficiency in the Elderly ..................................................................................................................................165
12
References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................165
17. Vitamin E Isoform-Specific Functions in Allergic Inflammation and Asthma
JOAN M. COOK-MILLS
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................167
Vitamin E Isoforms, Sources, and Functions ................................................................................................................................................167
Asthma and Allergic Lung Inflammation ....................................................................................................................................................169
Clinical Studies of Asthma and Tocopherol Isoforms .................................................................................................................................170
Comparing Tocopherol Doses in Humans and Preclinical Mouse Studies .................................................................................................173
Alpha-Tocopherol and Gamma-Tocopherol Regulate Allergic Inflammation and Airway Hyper-responsiveness
in Preclinical Adult Animal Studies.......................................................................................................................................................173
Tocopherol Regulation of Leukocyte Recruitment ......................................................................................................................................175
Maternal Tocopherols and Offspring Development of Allergy ...................................................................................................................175
Alpha-Tocopherol and Gamma-Tocopherol: Opposing Functions in Other Chronic Inflammatory Diseases .........................................181
Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................................................................181
References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................182
III
DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS AND HERBS, FUNCTIONAL FOODS,
IN HEALTH IN AGING ADULTS
18. Polyphenols and Intestinal Health
KRISTINA B. MARTINEZ, JESSICA D. MACKERT AND MICHAEL K. MCINTOSH
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................191
Role of Gut Microbiota in Intestinal and Systemic Health ........................................................................................................................191
Classes, Subclasses, Examples, and Sources of Dietary Polyphenols ...........................................................................................................194
Antioxidant and Antiinflammatory Properties of Polyphenols ..................................................................................................................199
Influence of Polyphenols on Macro- and Micronutrient Bioavailability ....................................................................................................200
Polyphenol Digestion, Absorption, and Utilization ....................................................................................................................................200
Polyphenol–Microbe Interactions ................................................................................................................................................................202
Intestinal Health Benefits of Polyphenols ....................................................................................................................................................202
Conclusions and Implications ......................................................................................................................................................................204
References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................205
CONTENTS ix
19. Nootropics, Functional Foods, and Dietary Patterns for Prevention of Cognitive Decline
FRANCESCO BONETTI, GLORIA BROMBO AND GIOVANNI ZULIANI
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................211
Dietary Patterns and Complete Nutritional Plans With Cognitive Implications ......................................................................................212
Micronutrients With Possible Effects on Cognition ....................................................................................................................................213
Foods, Herbs, Spices, and Dietary Complements With Functional Properties in Terms of Neuroprotection
and Possible Cognitive Enhancement ....................................................................................................................................................220
Medical Foods ...............................................................................................................................................................................................224
Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................................................................225
References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................225
20. Chalcones Target the Tumor Necrosis Factor–Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)
Signaling Pathway for Cancer Chemoprevention
MAŁGORZATA KŁÓSEK, ANDRZEJ KAROL KUROPATNICKI, EWELINA SZLISZKA, ILONA KORZONEK-SZLACHETA
AND WOJCIECH KRÓL
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................233
Characteristics of TRAIL and Apoptosis Induced by TRAIL ....................................................................................................................234
Characteristics of Chalcones ........................................................................................................................................................................236
Chalcone Potential for Enhancing TRAIL-Mediated Apoptosis in Cancer Cells .....................................................................................239
References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................241
21. Anti-inflammatory Dietary Ingredients, Medicinal Plants, and Herbs Exert Beneficial
Health Effects in Aging
KIRAN S. PANICKAR AND DENNIS E. JEWELL
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................245
Renal Function ..............................................................................................................................................................................................246
Cognitive Function .......................................................................................................................................................................................247
Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................251
Conflict of Interest ........................................................................................................................................................................................251
References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................251
22. Calorie Restriction Mimetics From Functional Foods: Impact on Promoting
a Healthy Life Span
WAI YAN SUN AND YU WANG
Introduction: Calorie Restriction .................................................................................................................................................................257
CRMs in Mediating Metabolic Pathways of Calorie Restriction ................................................................................................................259
Targeting SIRT-1 for CRM Discovery and Development ...........................................................................................................................261
Concluding Remarks and Perspectives .........................................................................................................................................................264
References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................265
23. Nutraceuticals for Healthy Skin Aging
ELAINE CRISTINA FARIA ABRAHÃO MACHADO, LETÍCIA AMBROSANO, RENAN LAGE, BEATRICE MARTINEZ ZUGAIB ABDALLA
AND ADILSON COSTA
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................273
Oxidative Stress ............................................................................................................................................................................................273
Beta-Carotene ...............................................................................................................................................................................................274
Biotin .............................................................................................................................................................................................................274
Coenzyme Q10 or Ubiquinone .....................................................................................................................................................................274
Citrulline–Arginine ......................................................................................................................................................................................274
Isoflavone Soy Beans .....................................................................................................................................................................................275
L-carnosine ....................................................................................................................................................................................................275
Lycopene ........................................................................................................................................................................................................275
Lutein ............................................................................................................................................................................................................275