Table Of ContentNUTRITION AND ENHANCED
SPORTS PERFORMANCE
This pageintentionallyleftblank
NUTRITION AND
ENHANCED SPORTS
PERFORMANCE
MUSCLE BUILDING, ENDURANCE,
AND STRENGTH
Edited by
D B , PhD, MACN, CNS, MAIChE
EBASIS AGCHI
DepartmentofPharmacologicalandPharmaceuticalSciences
UniversityofHoustonCollegeofPharmacy
Houston,TX,USA
S N , PhD
REEJAYAN AIR
UniversityofWyoming
SchoolofPharmacy
Laramie,WY,USA
C K. S , PhD, FACN, FACSM
HANDAN EN
CenterforRegenerativeMedicine&Cell-BasedTherapies
TheOhioStateUniversityWexnerMedicalCenter
Columbus,OH,USA
AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON
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SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO
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Dedication
Dedicated to myBeloved Nephew Krishnendu Bagchi
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Contents
Preface xv II
List of Contributors xvii
EXERCISE AND HUMAN HEALTH
I
4. Exercise and Cardiovascular Disease
NUTRITION AND HUMAN HEALTH C.TISSAKAPPAGODAANDEZRAA.AMSTERDAM
Introduction 45
1. Nutritional Supplementation in Health and Sports PhysiologicalResponsesoftheCardiovascularSystemto
Performance Exercise 45
ExerciseandHealth 48
SIDNEYJ.STOHSANDEDETHK.KITCHENS
HowMuchExerciseisEnough?[36] 52
Introduction 3 AretheBenefitsofExerciseUniversal? 52
Definitions 3 References 52
NutritionalSupplementRecommendationsfor
Athletes 4
5. Resistance Training and Physical Exercise
SafetyIssues 6
in Human Health
SummaryandConclusions 6
References 6 BRYANK.SMITHANDERIKKIRK
ResistanceTraininginHumanHealth 55
2. Glycemic Index, Food Exchange Values and Summary 61
Exercise Performance References 61
ATHANASIOSZ.JAMURTAS,CHARIKLIAK.DELI,KALLIOPI
GEORGAKOULIANDIOANNISG.FATOUROS 6. Psychology and Exercise
GlycemicIndex 9 ATTILASZABO,MARKD.GRIFFITHSANDZSOLTDEMETROVICS
GlycemicLoad 9
GlycemicIndex,GlycemicLoadandMetabolic AcuteandChronicPsychologicalEffectsofExercise 65
MotivationforExerciseBehavior:WhydoPeopleExercise? 66
Responses 10
TheoriesandModelsAccountingforthePsychologicalBenefitsof
GlycemicIndex,MetabolicResponsesandExercise
Performance 16 Exercise 67
The “Runners’ High” Phenomenon and the Acute Psychological
GlycemicLoad,MetabolicResponsesandExercise
EffectsofExercise 68
Performance 22
FoodExchangeValuesinHealthAndExercise 24 TheDarkSideofPhysicalActivity:ExerciseAddiction 70
Conclusions 71
Conclusions 24
Acknowledgements 71
References 25
References 71
3. Performance Enhancement Drugs and Sports
7. Bone Health, Bone Mineral Density and Sports
Supplements for Resistance Training
Performance
LUCASGUIMARA˜ES-FERREIRA,WAGNERSILVA
DANTAS,IGORMURAI,MICHAELJ.DUNCAN ANNIESCHTSCHERBYNA,BEATRIZGONC¸ALVESRIBEIROANDMARIA
ANDNELOEIDYZANCHI LUCIAFLEIUSSDEFARIAS
Introduction 29 Introduction 75
TestosteroneandAnabolicSteroids 30 BoneHealth 75
CreatineMonohydrate 32 BoneMineralDensity 77
Beta-HydroxyBeta-Methylbutyrate(HMB) 36 BoneandPhysicalActivity 78
Caffeine 37 Conclusions 80
References 39 References 80
vii
viii
CONTENTS
8. Immune Function, Nutrition, and Exercise 13. Bioenergetics of Cyclic Sports Activities on Land:
Walking, Running and Cycling
WATARUAOI,YUJINAITOANDTOSHIKAZUYOSHIKAWA
PAOLAZAMPARO,CARLOCAPELLIANDSILVIAPOGLIAGHI
Introduction 83
ExerciseandUpperRespiratoryTractInfection 84 EnergyExpenditureofHumanLocomotion 133
ExerciseandCancer 85 TheEnergyCostofLocomotion 133
ExerciseandInflammation 85 EnergySources 134
Delayed-OnsetMuscleDamage 86 AerodynamicandNon-AerodynamicCostofLocomotion 134
NutritionandExercise-InducedImmuneChanges 87 TheDeterminantsofCinLandLocomotion 137
Conclusion 89 PassiveLocomotoryToolsonLand 139
References 90 EfficiencyinLandLocomotion 140
Conclusions 141
References 141
9. The Immune Response to Exercise: Effects on
Cellular Mobilization, Immune Function and Muscle
14. Bioenergetics of Cyclic Sport Activities in Water:
Regeneration
Swimming, Rowing and Kayaking
DANIELJ.FREIDENREICHANDJEFFS.VOLEK
PAOLAZAMPARO,ANDMARCOBONIFAZI
TheEffectsofAcuteExerciseonCirculatingLeukocyte
EnergeticsandBiomechanicsofAquaticLocomotion 143
Counts 95
EnergeticsofSwimming 145
ExerciseandImmuneFunction 96
PassiveLocomotoryToolsinWater 148
MuscleDamageandLeukocyteinfiltration 97
RowingandKayaking(BoatLocomotion) 148
ChapterSummary 99
Conclusions 149
References 99
References 149
15. Performance Enhancement Drugs
III
and Sports Supplements: A Review of the
SPORTS AND NUTRITION
Evidence
GARYGAFFNEY
10. Vegetarian Athletes
Performance-EnhancingDrugs 151
JINGZHOU,JIALIANDWAYNEW.CAMPBELL
Performance-EnhancingSupplements 155
References 158
NutritionalConsiderationsforVegetarianAthletes 105
VegetarianDietandAthleticPerformance 109
16. Nutrition and Ultra-Endurance:
Take-HomeMessages 111
References 112 An Overview
BEATKNECHTLE
11. Nutrition in Combat Sports Introduction 161
GUILHERMEG.ARTIOLI,EMERSONFRANCHINI,MARINAY.SOLIS, ProblemsAssociatedwithUltra-EndurancePerformance 161
ALINEC.TRITTOANDANTONIOH.LANCHAJR NutritionalAspectsinUltra-EnduranceAthletes 165
ConclusionsandImplicationsforFutureResearch 167
Introduction 115
References 167
RoleofNutrients 116
RoleofHydration 120
17. Exercise and Nutritional Benefits for Individuals
RapidWeightLoss 121
with a Spinal Cord Injury or Amputation
SupplementsforCombatAthletes 122
References 124 JUSTINW.KEOGH
ParalympicSportandClassificationSystems 171
12. Sumo Wrestling: An Overview ReviewMethodology 171
EnergyExpenditureandBodyComposition 171
TAISHIMIDORIKAWA,SHIZUOSAKAMOTOANDMASAKATSUKONDO
ExerciseAdaptations 173
Introduction 129 NutritionalPractices 175
EnergyBalance 129 NutritionalKnowledgeandEducationPrograms 177
FatMassandFat-FreeMassforTopLeague(“Sekitori”) 130 SupplementUsage 177
Organ-TissueLevelBodyComposition 130 EffectsofNutritiononBodyCompositionandPerformance 177
Conclusion 132 ConclusionsandAreasforFutureResearch 179
References 132 References 180
ix
CONTENTS
18. An Overview of Doping in Sports 22. Role of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin
(mTOR) in Muscle Growth
FABIANSANCHIS-GOMAR,VLADIMIRMARTINEZ-BELLO,HELIOS
PAREJA-GALEANO,THOMASBRIOCHEANDMARICARMENGO´MEZ-
EVGENIYPANZHINSKIY,BRUCECULVER,JUNREN,DEBASISBAGCHI
CABRERA
ANDSREEJAYANNAIR
Introduction 183
Introduction 217
MainTendenciesofDopingintheStrength
MuscleGrowth 217
Field 184
mTORSignalingPathway 218
MetabolicModulatorsandRelatedSubstances 189
mTORinMyogenesis 220
BloodDopingandAnti-DopingApproachesinEndurance
mTORinMuscleHypertrophy 220
Sports 190
mTORinMuscleAtrophy 222
MaskingAgents 191
NutritionandmTOR-DependentMuscle
GeneDoping 192
Growth 223
References 192
Conclusions 223
References 224
19. Nutrition In Paralympics
23. Stress Proteins and Heat Shock Proteins: Role in
AMITAVADAS,DEBASISBAGCHIAND
Muscle Building and Sports Nutrition
CHANDANK.SEN
MIKAVENOJA¨RVI,NIKUOKSALA,SUSANNAKINNUNENAND
Introduction 197 MUSTAFAATALAY
SportsNutritionandEnhancedPerformance 197
TheParalympicGames 197 Introduction 229
ClassificationandCategoriesattheParalympic HeatShockProteinFamily 229
Games 198 RegulationofStressProteinsinSkeletalMuscle 230
NutritionalConsiderationsintheDisabled 198 StressProteinsandExercise 231
SportsNutritionofParalympicAthletes 199 StressProteinsandDietarySupplements 232
Conclusion 202 Conclusions 233
References 202 References 233
24. Anabolic and Catabolic Signaling Pathways that
20. An Overview on the History of Sports Nutrition
Regulate Skeletal Muscle Mass
Beverages
JOHNJ.MCCARTHY
GUSTAVOA.GALAZ
Introduction 237
Introduction 205
History 237
BackgroundonSportsBeverages 205
AnabolicSignaling 238
HistoryofProteinDrinks 207 CatabolicSignaling 241
Conclusion 210
Summary 243
References 210
References 243
25. Muscle Growth, Repair and Preservation:
IV
A Mechanistic Approach
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS
ROBERTM.ERSKINEANDHANSDEGENS
Introduction 247
21. α-Hydroxy-Isocaproic Acid (HICA)—Effects on
MuscleGrowth 248
Body Composition, Muscle Soreness and Athletic MuscleAtrophy 252
Performance MuscleDamageandRepair 254
Summary 257
TUOMOOJALA,JACOBM.WILSON,JUHAJ.HULMI,
TUOMOKARILA,TIMOA.SEPPA¨LA¨ AND References 257
ANTTIA.MERO
26. Nitric Oxide, Sports Nutrition and Muscle
Background 213
EffectsofAlfa-Hydroxy-IsocaproicAcidonBodyComposition, Building
Delayed-OnsetMuscleSorenessandPhysicalPerformancein LAWRENCEJ.DRUHAN
Athletes 214
Conclusion 215 Introduction 265
References 215 TheNitricOxideSynthases 265
