Nutrition and diet therapy

866 Pages·2016·31.45 MB·English

by  Linda Kelly DeBruyne

Ninth Edition
Nutrition &
Diet Therapy
Linda Kelly DeBruyne
Kathryn Pinna
Ellie Whitney
Australia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States
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Nutrition & Diet Therapy, Ninth Edition © 2016, 2012 Cengage Learning
Linda Kelly DeBruyne, Kathryn Pinna,
WCN: 02-200-203
Ellie Whitney
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Contents in Brief
1 Overview of Nutrition and Health 1 11 Nutrition through the Life Span: Pregnancy
and Lactation 287
NutritioN iN Practice: Finding the truth
about nutrition 30 NutritioN iN Practice: encouraging
successFul breastFeeding 315
2 Carbohydrates 34
12 Nutrition through the Life Span:
NutritioN iN Practice: the glycemic index
Infancy, Childhood, and
in nutrition Practice 56
Adolescence 318
3 Lipids 60 NutritioN iN Practice: childhood obesity
and the early deVeloPment oF chronic
NutritioN iN Practice: Figuring
diseases 358
out Fats 81
13 Nutrition through the Life Span: Later
4 Protein 87
Adulthood 363
NutritioN iN Practice: Vegetarian
NutritioN iN Practice: hunger and
diets 103
community nutrition 385
5 Digestion and Absorption 108 14 Illness and Nutrition Care 390
NutritioN iN Practice: Food saFety 125 NutritioN iN Practice: nutritional
genomics 415
6 Metabolism, Energy Balance, and Body
Composition 133 15 Medications, Diet-Drug Interactions,
and Herbal Supplements 419
NutritioN iN Practice: eating
disorders 156 NutritioN iN Practice: comPlementary and
alternatiVe theraPies 434
7 Weight Management 161
16 Specialized Nutrition Support: Enteral
NutritioN iN Practice: Fad diets 185
and Parenteral Nutrition 438
NutritioN iN Practice: inborn errors oF
8 The Vitamins 188
metabolism 465
NutritioN iN Practice: Phytochemicals and
Functional Foods 217 17 Foods and Food Consistency for Upper GI
Disorders 469
9 Water and the Minerals 225
NutritioN iN Practice: nutrition and oral
NutritioN iN Practice: Vitamin and mineral health 490
suPPlements 253
18 Fiber-Modified Diets for Lower
10 Fitness and Nutrition 257 Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders 494
NutritioN iN Practice: suPPlements and NutritioN iN Practice: Probiotics and
ergogenic aids athletes use 283 intestinal health 509
iii

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19 Carbohydrate- and Fat-Modified Diets for 23 Protein-, Mineral-, and Fluid-Modified Diets
Malabsorption Disorders 512 for Kidney Diseases 603
NutritioN iN Practice: anemia in NutritioN iN Practice: dialysis 625
illness 527
24 Energy- and Protein-Modified Diets for
20 Nutrition Therapy for Liver and Gallbladder Metabolic and Respiratory Stress 628
Diseases 531
NutritioN iN Practice: multiPle organ
NutritioN iN Practice: alcohol in health dysFunction syndrome 643
and disease 549
25 Energy- and Protein-Modified Diets for
21 Carbohydrate-Controlled Diets for Diabetes Cancer and HIV Infection 645
Mellitus 552
NutritioN iN Practice: ethical issues in
NutritioN iN Practice: the metabolic nutrition care 666
syndrome 575
22 Fat-Controlled, Mineral-Modified Diets for
Cardiovascular Diseases 578
NutritioN iN Practice: helPing PeoPle with
Feeding disabilities 600
iv
contents in brieF
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Contents
Preface xiii Alternative Sweeteners: Sugar Alcohols 45
Alternative Sweeteners: Nonnutritive Sweeteners 45
About the Authors xix
2.4 Health Effects of Starch
and Dietary Fibers 47
1 Overview of Nutrition
Carbohydrates: Disease Prevention
and Health 1 and Recommendations 48
Carbohydrates: Food Sources 50
1.1 Food Choices 3
Carbohydrates: Food Labels and
1.2 The Nutrients 6 Health Claims 52
Six Classes of Nutrients 6 NutritioN iN Practice: the glycemic index in
kCalories: A Measure of Energy 7 nutrition Practice 56
1.3 Nutrient Recommendations 8
3 Lipids 60
Dietary Reference Intakes 8
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution 3.1 Roles of Body Fat 61
Ranges (AMDR) 10
3.2 The Chemist’s View of Lipids 62
1.4 National Nutrition Surveys 11
Triglycerides 62
Coordinating Nutrition Survey Data 11
Fatty Acids 63
National Health Goals 11
Phospholipids 65
1.5 Dietary Guidelines and Food Guides 12
Sterols 66
Dietary Ideals 12
3.3 Health Effects and Recommended
Dietary Guidelines for Americans 13
Intakes of Fats 67
The USDA Food Patterns 15
Fats and Heart Health 67
MyPlate 20
Recommendations 70
1.6 Food Labels 21
3.4 Fats in Foods 71
The Ingredient List 21
Finding the Fats in Foods 72
Nutrition Facts Panel 21
Cutting Solid Fats and Choosing
Claims on Labels 24 Unsaturated Fats 73
NutritioN iN Practice: Finding the truth NutritioN iN Practice: Figuring
about nutrition 30 out Fats 81
2 Carbohydrates 34 4 Protein 87
2.1 The Chemist’s View of Carbohydrates 35 4.1 The Chemist’s View of Proteins 88
Monosaccharides 35 The Structure of Proteins 88
Disaccharides 36 Nonessential and Essential Amino Acids 89
Polysaccharides 36 4.2 Protein Turnover
and Nitrogen Balance 90
2.2 Regulation of Blood Glucose 39
2.3 Health Effects of Sugars Protein Turnover 90
and Alternative Sweeteners 40 Nitrogen Balance 90
Sugars 40 4.3 Roles of Body Proteins 91
v

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
4.4 Protein and Health 94 Body Composition 149
Protein Deficiency 94 How Much Body Fat Is Too Much? 150
Malnutrition 94 6.6 Health Risks of Underweight and
Obesity 151
Protein Excess 96
Protein and Amino Acid Supplements 96 NutritioN iN Practice: eating
disorders 156
Protein Recommendations and Intakes 97
4.5 Protein in Foods 98
7 Weight Management 161
Protein Quality 98
Protein Sparing 99 7.1 Causes of Obesity 162
Protein on Food Labels 100 Genetics and Weight 162
NutritioN iN Practice: Vegetarian diets 103 Environmental Stimuli 164
7.2 Obesity Treatment: Who
5 Digestion and Absorption 108 Should Lose? 167
7.3 Inappropriate Obesity Treatments 167
5.1 Anatomy of the Digestive Tract 109
Over-the-Counter Weight-Loss Products 167
The Digestive Organs 109
Other Gimmicks 168
The Involuntary Muscles and the Glands 112
7.4 Aggressive Treatments of Obesity 168
5.2 The Process of Digestion 115
Obesity Drugs 168
Digestion in the Mouth 115
Surgery 169
Digestion in the Stomach 116
7.5 Reasonable Strategies for
Digestion in the Small and Large Intestines 116
Weight Loss 170
5.3 The Absorptive System 118
A Healthful Eating Plan 171
The Small Intestine 118
Physical Activity 173
Absorption of Nutrients 118
Behavior and Attitude 175
5.4 Transport of Nutrients 120
Weight Maintenance 177
The Vascular System 120
7.6 Strategies for Weight Gain 178
The Lymphatic System 121
NutritioN iN Practice: Fad diets 185
Transport of Lipids: Lipoproteins 121
The System at Its Best 123
8 The Vitamins 188
NutritioN iN Practice: Food saFety 125
8.1 The Vitamins—An Overview 189
6 Metabolism, Energy Balance, 8.2 The Fat-Soluble Vitamins 191
and Body Composition 133 Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene 191
Vitamin D 196
6.1 The Organs and Their Metabolic Roles 134
Vitamin E 199
The Principal Organs 134
Vitamin K 200
The Body’s Metabolic Work 135
8.3 The Water-Soluble Vitamins 202
6.2 The Body’s Use of Fuels 136
The B Vitamins 202
Energy Metabolism 137
Thiamin 204
Glucose Production 138
Riboflavin 204
6.3 Energy Imbalance 140
Niacin 205
Feasting 140
Pantothenic Acid and Biotin 205
The Economics of Fasting 141
Vitamin B 206
6
6.4 Energy Balance 143
Folate 206
Energy In 144
Vitamin B 207
12
Energy Out 144
Non–B Vitamins 209
Estimating Energy Requirements 146
Vitamin C 210
6.5 Body Weight and Body Composition 147
NutritioN iN Practice: Phytochemicals and
Defining Healthy Body Weight 148 Functional Foods 217
vi
contents
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9 Water and the Minerals 225 Enhanced Water 275
Other Beverages 276
9.1 Water and Body Fluids 226
10.5 Diets for Physically Active People 277
Water Balance 226
NutritioN iN Practice: suPPlements and
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance 228
ergogenic aids athletes use 283
Acid–Base Balance 228
9.2 The Major Minerals 229
11 Nutrition through the Life Span:
Sodium 230
Pregnancy and Lactation 287
Chloride 231
Potassium 232 11.1 Pregnancy: The Impact of Nutrition
on the Future 288
Calcium 232
Phosphorus 235 Nutrition Prior to Pregnancy 288
Magnesium 236 Prepregnancy Weight 288
Sulfate 237 Healthy Support Tissues 289
9.3 The Trace Minerals 239 The Events of Pregnancy 290
Nutrient Needs during Pregnancy 292
Iron 239
Food Assistance Programs 297
Zinc 243
Weight Gain 297
Selenium 245
Weight Loss after Pregnancy 299
Iodine 245
Physical Activity 299
Copper 246
Common Nutrition-Related Concerns of Pregnancy 300
Manganese 247
Problems in Pregnancy 301
Fluoride 247
Practices to Avoid 303
Chromium 248
Adolescent Pregnancy 306
Other Trace Minerals 248
11.2 Breastfeeding 307
NutritioN iN Practice: Vitamin and mineral
suPPlements 253 Nutrition during Lactation 308
Contraindications to Breastfeeding 309
10 Fitness and Nutrition 257 NutritioN iN Practice: encouraging
successFul breastFeeding 315
10.1 Fitness 258
Benefits of Fitness 258 12 Nutrition through the Life
Developing Fitness 261
Span: Infancy, Childhood, and
The Components of Fitness 261
Adolescence 318
Cardiorespiratory Endurance 262
Muscle Strength and Endurance 263 12.1 Nutrition of the Infant 319
A Balanced Fitness Program 263 Nutrient Needs during Infancy 319
10.2 The Active Body’s Use of Fuels 264 Breast Milk 321
Glucose Use During Physical Activity 264 Infant Formula 324
Fat Use During Activity 267 The Transition to Cow’s Milk 325
Protein Use During Activity 268 Introducing First Foods 326
10.3 Vitamins and Minerals to Support Looking Ahead 328
Activity 270 Mealtimes 328
Supplements 270 12.2 Nutrition during Childhood 329
Nutrients of Special Concern 271 Energy and Nutrient Needs 330
10.4 Fluids and Electrolytes in Physical Hunger and Malnutrition in Children 332
Activity 272
Lead Poisoning in Children 334
Temperature Regulation 273 Food Allergy 334
Fluid Needs during Physical Activity 273 Hyperactivity 336
Sports Drinks 275 Childhood Obesity 338
vii
contents
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Mealtimes at Home 342 Physical Examinations 404
Nutrition at School 346 Determining Energy Requirements 405
12.3 Nutrition during Adolescence 348 14.3 Implementing Nutrition Care 407
Growth and Development during Adolescence 348 Dietary Modifications 407
Energy and Nutrient Needs 349 Approaches to Nutrition Care 409
Food Choices and Health Habits 350 Documenting Nutrition Care 410
NutritioN iN Practice: childhood obesity Improving Food Intake 411
and the early deVeloPment oF chronic NutritioN iN Practice: nutritional
diseases 358 genomics 415
13 Nutrition through the Life Span: 15 Medications, Diet-Drug
Later Adulthood 363 Interactions, and Herbal
Supplements 419
13.1 Nutrition and Longevity 364
Slowing the Aging Process 365 15.1 Medications in Disease Treatment 420
Nutrition and Disease Prevention 367 Risks from Medications 420
13.2 Nutrition-Related Concerns during Late Patients at High Risk of Adverse Effects 421
Adulthood 368 15.2 Diet-Drug Interactions 423
Cataracts and Macular Degeneration 368 Drug Effects on Food Intake 423
Arthritis 369 Drug Effects on Nutrient Absorption 423
The Aging Brain 369 Dietary Effects on Drug Absorption 425
13.3 Energy and Nutrient Needs during Late Drug Effects on Nutrient Metabolism 425
Adulthood 372
Dietary Effects on Drug Metabolism 426
Energy and Energy Nutrients 372 Drug Effects on Nutrient Excretion 427
Water 374 Dietary Effects on Drug Excretion 427
Vitamins and Minerals 374 Diet-Drug Interactions and Toxicity 427
Nutrient Supplements for Older Adults 375 15.3 Herbal Supplements 429
The Effects of Drugs on Nutrients 375 Effectiveness and Safety of Herbal Products 429
13.4 Food Choices and Eating Habits of Older
Use of Herbal Products in Illness 431
Adults 377
NutritioN iN Practice: comPlementary and
Individual Preferences 377
alternatiVe theraPies 434
Meal Setting 377
Depression 378 16 Specialized Nutrition Support:
Food Assistance Programs 378 Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition 438
Meals for Singles 378
16.1 Enteral Nutrition 439
NutritioN iN Practice: hunger and
Oral Supplements 439
community nutrition 385
Candidates for Tube Feedings 440
Tube Feeding Routes 441
14 Illness and Nutrition Care 390
Enteral Formulas 443
14.1 Nutrition in Health Care 391 Administration of Tube Feedings 446
Effects of Illness on Nutrition Status 391 Medication Delivery during Tube Feedings 449
Responsibility for Nutrition Care 392 Tube Feeding Complications 450
Nutrition Screening 393 Transition to Table Foods 450
The Nutrition Care Process 393 16.2 Parenteral Nutrition 452
14.2 Nutrition Assessment 395 Candidates for Parenteral Nutrition 452
Historical Information 395 Venous Access 452
Food Intake Data 396 Parenteral Solutions 453
Anthropometric Data 399 Administering Parenteral Nutrition 456
Biochemical Analyses 401 Managing Metabolic Complications 457
viii
contents
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