Nutrition: An Applied Approach (3rd Edition)

709 Pages·2011·61.05 MB·English

by  Janice Thompson

Janice Thompson, Ph.D., FACSM
University of Bristol
University of New Mexico
Melinda Manore, Ph.D., RD, CSSD, FACSM
Oregon State University
Nutrition: An Applied Approach, Third Edition, by Janice Thompson and Melinda Manore. Published by Benjamin Cummings.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Thompson, Janice,
Nutrition : an applied approach / Janice Thompson, Melinda Manore. 3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-321-69664-9
1. Nutrition. I. Manore, Melinda, 1951- II. Title.
QP141.T467 2011
613.2 dc22
2010032841
ISBN 10: 0-321-69664-6; ISBN 13: 978-0-321-69664-9 (Student edition)
ISBN 10: 0-321-72131-4; ISBN 13: 978-0-321-72131-0 (Professional copy)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 DOM 14 13 12 11 10
Nutrition: An Applied Approach, Third Edition, by Janice Thompson and Melinda Manore. Published by Benjamin Cummings.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
To our Moms your consistent love and support
are the keys to our happiness and success. You have
been incredible role models.
To our Dads you raised us to be independent,
intelligent, and resourceful. We miss you and wish
you were here to be proud of, and to brag about,
our accomplishments.
Nutrition: An Applied Approach, Third Edition, by Janice Thompson and Melinda Manore. Published by Benjamin Cummings.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
About the Authors
Janice Thompson, Ph.D., FACSM
University of Bristol
University of New Mexico
Janice Thompson earned a Ph.D. from Arizona State University in exercise physiology and
nutrition. She is currently Bristol Universitys Head of the Centre of Exercise, Nutrition,
and Health Sciences and Professor of Public Health Nutrition. Her research focuses on
designing and assessing the impact of nutrition and physical activity interventions to
reduce the risks for obesity, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes in high-risk
populations. She also teaches nutrition and research methods courses and mentors
graduate research students.
Janice is a Fellow of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and a member of
the American Society for Nutrition (ASN), the British Association of Sport and Exercise
Science (BASES), The Nutrition Society in the United Kingdom, and the European College of
Sports Science (ESS). Janice won an undergraduate teaching award while at the University of
North Carolina, Charlotte. In addition to Nutrition: An Applied Approach, Janice co-authored
the Pearson/Benjamin Cummings textbooks Nutrition for Lifewith Melinda Manore and The
Science of Nutritionwith Melinda Manore and Linda Vaughan. Janice loves traveling, yoga,
hiking, and cooking and eating delicious food. She likes almost every vegetable except
canned peas and believes chocolate should be listed as a food group.
Melinda Manore, Ph.D., RD, CSSD, FACSM
Oregon State University
Melinda Manore earned a Ph.D. in human nutrition with a minor in exercise physiology at
Oregon State University (OSU). She is the past chair of the Department of Nutrition and Food
Management at OSU, and is currently a professor in the Department of Nutrition and
Exercise Sciences. Prior to her tenure at OSU, she taught at Arizona State University for
17 years. Melindas area of expertise is nutrition and exercise, especially the role of diet and
exercise in health, exercise performance, weight control, and micronutrient needs. She
focuses on the nutritional needs of active women and girls.
Melinda is an active member of the American Dietetic Association (ADA) and the
American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). She is the past chair of the ADA Research
Committee and the Research Dietetic Practice Group, and served on the ADA Obesity
Steering Committee. She is currently Vice President of ACSM, and is an active member of
SCAN, a nutrition and exercise practice group of ADA. Melinda is also a member of the
American Society of Nutrition (ASN) and the Obesity Society. She is the recent chair of
UDSAs Nutrition and Health Planning and Guidance Committee. Melinda is the past
nutrition column author and associate editor for ACSMs Health and Fitness Journaland
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,serves on editorial boards of numerous research
journals, and has won awards for excellence in research and teaching. She co-authored the
Pearson/Benjamin Cummings textbooks Nutrition for Lifewith Janice Thompson and The
Science of Nutritionwith Janice Thompson and Linda Vaughan. Melinda is an avid walker,
hiker, and former runner who loves to cook and eat great food. She is now trying her hand
at gardening and birding.
iv
Nutrition: An Applied Approach, Third Edition, by Janice Thompson and Melinda Manore. Published by Benjamin Cummings.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Welcome to Nutrition: An Applied
Approach, Third Edition!
Why We Wrote the Book
Nutrition gets a lot of press. Pick up a magazine and youll read the latest debate over
which type of diet is best for weight loss; turn on the TV and youll hear a Hollywood
star describe how she lost 50 pounds without exercising; scan the headlines or read
some blogs and youll discover the politics surrounding the creation of new enhanced
designer foods. How can you evaluate these sources of nutrition information and
find out whether the advice they provide is reliable? How do you navigate through
seemingly endless recommendations and come up with a way of eating thats right
foryou one that supports your physical activity, allows you to maintain a healthful
weight, and helps you avoid chronic diseases?
We Wrote This Book to Help
You Answer These Questions
Nutrition: An Applied Approachbegan with our conviction that both students and
instructors would benefit from an accurate and clear textbook that links nutrients to
their functional benefits. As authors and instructors, we know that students have a
natural interest in their bodies, their health, their weight, and their success in sports
and other activities. By demonstrating how nutrition relates to these interests,
Nutrition: An Applied Approachempowers students to reach their personal health
and fitness goals. Throughout the text, material is presented in a lively narrative that
continually links the facts to students circumstances, lifestyles, and goals.
Information on current events and research keeps the inquisitive spark alive,
illustrating that nutrition is truly a living science, and a source of considerable
debate. The content of Nutrition: An Applied Approachis appropriate for non-
nutrition majors, but also includes information that will challenge students who have
a more advanced understanding of chemistry and math. We present the science
side in a contemporary narrative style thats easy-to-read and understand, with
engaging features that reduce students fears and encourage them to apply the
material to their lives. Also, because this book is not a derivative of a majors text, the
writing and the figures are cohesive and always level-appropriate.
As teachers, we are familiar with the myriad challenges of presenting nutrition
information in the classroom, and we have included the most comprehensive ancillary
package available to assist instructors in successfully meeting these challenges. We
hope to contribute to the excitement of teaching and learning about nutrition: a
subject that affects all of us, a subject so important and relevant that correct and
timely information can make the difference between health and disease.
New in the Third Edition
Key goals for this edition included providing the most up-to-date and accurate
nutrition information currently available, and optimizing students ability to learn
this information and apply it to their daily lives. To achieve this we have made some
v
Nutrition: An Applied Approach, Third Edition, by Janice Thompson and Melinda Manore. Published by Benjamin Cummings.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
vi PREFACE
dramatic changes to our organization and material presentation, added several
exciting new features, updated and integrated current information from recent
scientific studies, and significantly enhanced the already excellent art program to
ensure that Nutrition: An Applied Approachis the most up-to-date and easiest-to-
use, comprehensive resource for nutrition students currently available.
Eleven new In Depth mini chapters have been added to the four from the
previous edition. These practical, topical, and graphically lively presentations now
follow every chapter in the text, many with a dedicated focus on the links between
nutrition and disease. In addition we have added several new features to this edition,
aimed at making nutritional information more relevant and integrated into students
everyday lives. They include Eating Right All Day, a visual guide to suggested meal
options tied to specific chapter content on micro- and macro-nutrients and key body
systems; Quick Tips, brief lists appearing frequently throughout the text which, taken
all together, provide an extensive array of simple suggestions and ideas for
incorporating better eating habits into each students day; What About You?a varied
self-assessment feature that emphasizes active learning and content integration; and
Hot Topics, informative snapshots of current issues students are undoubtedly
encountering in sometimes less-reliable sources of popular information. Also note that
detailedChapter Summarieshave been moved to the companion website for easier
student access, and Referencesare now located at the back of the text.
Additionally, this edition introduces four new full-page NutriToolsactivity
overviews linked to the chapters on designing healthful diets (Build-a-Meal),
carbohydrates (Build-a-Sandwich), fats (Build-a-Pizza), and antioxidants (Build-a-
Salad), which tie-in with the extensive NutriTools content available on the Companion
Website and MyNutritionLab . Finally, in this new edition the NutriCasecharacter of
Hannah (daughter of the Judy character) has been updated and reimagined as a
college-aged student, with new issues and struggles.
The Visual Walkthrough at the front of this text provides an overview of these and
other important features in the Third Edition. For specific changes to each chapter,
please see below.
Chapter 1 and accompanying In Depth:
Revised and updated the Nutrition Debate on nutrigenomics, and moved the
feature into the chapter.
Moved and updated the In Depth mini chapter on Alcohol following Chapter 1
Revised and updated chapter content on the evolution of nutrition as a science,
and on the research into the role of nutrition in chronic diseases.
Incorporated and updated content on pellagra into the Nutrition Myth or Fact?
feature box.
Created a new Figure 1.3 on the leading causes of death, from prior Table 1.1
Added a new Hot Topic on nutrition-related email spam.
Incorporated information on evaluating media hype into a new Quick Tips box.
Revised and updated content on the scientific method, and on the CDC surveys
(NHANES and BRFSS).
Significantly revised and enhanced Figure 1.1, and added new photos.
Chapter 2 and accompanying In Depth:
Added a new Nutrition Debate on functional foods.
Created a new In Depth mini chapter specifically on phytochemicals.
Added new content on structure-function food label claims.
Revised and updated content on MyPyramid.
Revised and reorganized content on the Mediterranean Diet into a new Hot Topic.
Expanded content on the nutritional costs of eating out, and added a related
Quick Tip.
Nutrition: An Applied Approach, Third Edition, by Janice Thompson and Melinda Manore. Published by Benjamin Cummings.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
PREFACE vii
Moved content on the DASH diet and related aspects to the In Depth following
Chapter 5.
Added a Nutrition Debate on functional foods.
Significantly updated and enhanced Figures 2.2, 2.5 and 2.12, and added a new
Figure 2.6 and new photos.
Chapter 3 and accompanying In Depth:
Added a new Nutrition Debate on colon cleansing.
Added a new Hot Topic on appetite suppressants.
Revised and updated content on atoms, molecules, and cells.
Created a new Nutrition Myth or Fact? box on the etiology of ulcers.
Revised content on the neuromuscular regulation of digestion, and updated the
terminology for GER and GERD.
Reorganized content on travelers diarrhea and created a new, related Quick Tips.
Reorganized and revised content on food intolerances, allergies, and celiac disease
into the new In Depth mini chapter.
Revised Find the Quack content to cover extreme dieting.
Significantly updated and enhanced Figures 3.1, 3.3, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10,
3.11, 3.13, and 3.14, and added new photos.
Chapter 4 and accompanying In Depth:
Revised and updated the Nutrition Debate on high fructose corn syrup, and
moved the feature into the chapter.
Added a new In Depth mini chapter on the links between nutrition and diabetes.
Revised and updated content on artificial sweeteners.
Removed content on lactose intolerance and incorporated it into the new In Depth
mini chapter following Chapter 3.
Revised and reorganized content on hypoglycemia into a new Hot Topic.
Dropped the Shoppers Guide on complex carbohydrates and integrated the
content into the text and other features.
Expanded content on metabolic syndrome.
Added clarifying content on the distinctions between the chemical structures
related to simple and complex carbohydrates, and to definitions regarding
whole grain, high fiber, and refined and unrefined carbohydrate sources.
Added a new Eating Right All Day feature focusing on carbohydrates.
Moved and expanded diabetes content into the new In Depth mini chapter.
Significantly updated and enhanced Figures 4.5, 4.6, 4.8, and 4.13, and added
new photos.
Chapter 5 and accompanying In Depth:
Revised and updated the Nutrition Debate on fat blockers, and moved the feature
into the chapter.
Added a new In Depth mini chapter on the links between nutrition and
cardiovascular disease.
Incorporated and expanded prior Chapter 3 content on chitosan and fat blockers
into the Nutrition Debate.
Added a new Hot Topic on nuts.
Added a new Nutrition Myth or Fact? box on the differences between margarine
and butter.
Added new NutriCase profiles for Hannah and Gustavo.
Nutrition: An Applied Approach, Third Edition, by Janice Thompson and Melinda Manore. Published by Benjamin Cummings.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
viii PREFACE
Dropped the Shoppers Guide on dietary fats and integrated the content into the
text and other features.
Reorganized and revised content on cardiovascular disease and cancer into new
In Depth mini chapters.
Added a new Eating Right All Day feature focusing on dietary fats.
Added new Quick Tips features on saturated and transfats, food preparation, and
eating out.
Significantly updated and enhanced Figures 5.1, 5.3, and 5.10, and added new
photos.
Chapter 6 and accompanying In Depth:
Added a new Nutrition Debate on the connections between meat consumption
and global warming.
Revised and updated the In Depth mini chapter on vitamins and minerals.
Revised content on vegetarian diets.
Added a new Hot Topic on amino acid supplements.
Revised and updated content on disorders related to inadequate protein intake.
Dropped the Shoppers Guide on protein sources and integrated the content into
the text and other features.
Added a new Quick Tips on legumes.
Added a new Eating Right All Day focusing on proteins.
Revised the NutriCase profile for Liz.
Moved content on high protein diets to Chapter 11.
Significantly updated and enhanced Figures 6.8, 6.12, and 6.13, and added new
photos.
Chapter 7 and accompanying In Depth:
Revised and updated the Nutrition Debate on sports beverages, and moved the
feature into the chapter.
Added a new In Depth mini chapter on dehydration and fluid-balance disorders.
Updated content in Figure 7.7 for calculations on water intake and output for the
average adult female.
Expanded content on fluid-related disorders to include heat-related illnesses.
Added an overview of exercise-related hypoatremia to the Nutrition Myth or Fact?
box.
Dropped the Shoppers Guide on potassium sources and integrated the content
into the text and other features.
Expanded the food source graph figures to display 100% AI or RDA, to
contextualize serving size vs. daily needs.
Added a new Hot Topic on fluids and weight gain.
Added a new Eating Right All Day focusing on sodium.
Significantly updated and enhanced Figures 7.2, 7.6, and 7.7, and added new
photos.
Chapter 8 and accompanying In Depth:
Added a new Nutrition Debate on antioxidants.
Added a new In Depth mini chapter on the links between nutrition and cancer.
Revised and updated content on beta-carotene.
Added a new Hot Topic on Vitamin A and acne.
Revised and updated content on antioxidant minerals enzyme systems.
Nutrition: An Applied Approach, Third Edition, by Janice Thompson and Melinda Manore. Published by Benjamin Cummings.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
PREFACE ix
Revised and refocused Table 8.1.
Dropped the Shoppers Guide on vitamin E, vitamin A, and beta-carotene sources
and integrated the content into the text and Quick Tips features.
Moved and revised content on tobacco use damage and nutritional links cancer to
the In Depth.
Added a new Eating Right All Day focusing on antioxidants.
Repositioned prior Nutrition Debate content on vitamin and mineral supplements
into the Chapter 10 In Depth.
Changed the NutriCase profile from Judy to Hannah.
Significantly updated and enhanced Figures 8.3, 8.6, 8.7, 8.9, 8.12, and 8.14, and
added new photos.
Chapter 9 and accompanying In Depth:
Added a new Nutrition Debate on vitamin D deficiency.
Added a new In Depth mini chapter on the links between nutrition and
osetoporosis.
Added a What About You? box on vitamin D
Revised Table 9.3 on the factors affecting vitamin D synthesis.
Dropped the Shoppers Guide on calcium and vitamin D sources and integrated
the content into the text and other features.
Added a new Hot Topic on the connection between dairy foods and weight loss.
Moved osteoporosis content to the new In Depth.
Added a new Eating Right All Day focusing on calcium.
Changed the NutriCase profile from Hannah to Theo.
Significantly updated and enhanced Figures 9.4, 9.6, 9.7, 9.10, 9.12, and 9.13, and
added new photos.
Chapter 10 and accompanying In Depth:
Revised and updated the Nutrition Debate on the efficacy of zinc lozenges in
fighting colds, and moved the feature into the chapter.
Added a new In Depth mini chapter on dietary supplements.
Revised Tables 10.1 and 10.2.
Added a new Hot Topic on the role of vitamin B and PMS.
6
Dropped the Shoppers Guide on iron sources and integrated the content into the
text and other features.
Added a new Quick Tips on retaining vitamins in foods.
Added a new Eating Right All Day focusing on iron.
Significantly updated and enhanced Figures 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 10.9,
10.11, 10.14, 10.16, and 10.17, and added new photos.
Chapter 11 and accompanying In Depth:
Added a new Nutrition Debate on high protein diets.
Added a new In Depth mini chapter on the links between nutriton and obesity.
Added new content on brown fat and its potential association with energy
expenditure.
Revised content on healthful body weight.
Added a new What About You? on readiness to lose weight.
Added content on the relationship between cultural and economic factors and
body weight.
Nutrition: An Applied Approach, Third Edition, by Janice Thompson and Melinda Manore. Published by Benjamin Cummings.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
x PREFACE
Added a new Nutrition Myth or Fact? on the costs of eating better.
Expanded content on behavioral modification regarding weight loss.
Revised and expanded content on low-carbohydrate diets.
Added a new Hot Topic on dietary supplements for weight loss.
Added new Quick Tips boxes on portion sizes, overcoming barriers to weight loss,
and modifying behavior.
Revised content on protein supplements and overweight/obesity, and moved it to
several In Depths.
Significantly updated and enhanced Figure 11.2, and added new photos.
Chapter 12 and accompanying In Depth:
Revised and updated the Nutrition Debate on the amount of exercise needed to
improve overall health, and moved the feature into the chapter.
Revised and converted content from prior Chapter 13 on disordered eating into
the new In Depth mini chapter.
Added a new What About You? on increasing physical activity.
Revised content on rates of physical activity in the U.S., and incorporated prior
Table 12.1 content into the text.
Revised and converted prior content on deceptive practices in marketing
ergogenic aids into a new Hot Topic.
Revised content on fluid/dehydration, and incorporated prior Table 12.7 content
into the text.
Added a new Hot Topic on muscle dysmorphia in men.
Significantly updated and enhanced Figures 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, and In Depth
Figures 5 and 7, and added new photos.
Chapter 13 and accompanying In Depth:
Revised and updated the Nutrition Debate on genetically modified organisms and
moved the feature into the chapter.
Adapted and updated content on global nutrition and created a new In Depth
mini chapter.
Content on food safety and global nutrition in the main chapter and In Depth was
significantly revised and updated.
Created a new Figure 13.1 on food safety issues from farm to table.
Dropped content from the prior Typhoid Mary feature.
Added a new Nutrition Myth or Fact? on mad cow disease.
Created a new Figure 2 on acute and long-term effects of malnutrition across the
life cycle, in the In Depth
Added a new Hot Topic on the use of bisphenol A (BPA) in canned foods.
Added a new Quick Tips on reducing exposure to pesticides.
Added a new What About You? on ways to contribute to global food security.
Significantly enhanced Figure 13.12, and added new photos.
Chapter 14 and accompanying In Depth:
Introduced a new Nutrition Debate on breastfeeding throughout infancy and
moved the feature into the chapter.
Added a new In Depth mini chapter on the fetal environment.
Introduced the MyPyramid for Moms logo and program.
Added a new Hot Topic on breastfeeding adopted infants.
Updated the recommendations for vitamin D supplementation for infants.
Nutrition: An Applied Approach, Third Edition, by Janice Thompson and Melinda Manore. Published by Benjamin Cummings.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.