Table Of ContentNutraceuticals and Health Care
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Nutraceuticals and
Health Care
Edited by
Jasmeet Kour
Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Longowal, Sangrur, Punjab, India
Gulzar Ahmad Nayik
Department of Food Science & Technology, Government Degree College Shopian,
Jammu & Kashmir, India
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Contents
Contributors xv 1.16 Indian and global nutraceutical market
Preface xix size 19
1.17 Establishment of nutraceuticals in
1. Nutraceutical-A deep and profound market 20
concept 1.17.1 Demands of nutraceuticals in
market 20
Jasmeet Kour, Hitesh Chopra, Saba Bukhari, 1.17.2 Factors affecting future market 20
Renu Sharma, Rosy Bansal, Monika Hans and 1.17.3 Steps for market development of
Dharmesh Chandra Saxena nutraceuticals 21
1.18 Marketing barriers of nutraceuticals 21
1.1 Introduction 1 1.19 Status of nutraceuticals and future
1.2 Facts of nutraceuticals 2 prospects 21
1.2.1 Growth 2 References 22
1.2.2 Health maintenance 2 Further readings 28
1.2.3 Effect on chronic ailments
(e.g., Heart disease, diabetes
2. Cereal proteins
and metabolic disease,
musculoskeletal disease) 3
Cherakkathodi Sudheesh, Zahid Rafiq Bhat,
1.2.4 Musculoskeletal disease 3
Basheer Aaliya and
1.3 Fiction of nutraceuticals 3
Kappat Valiyapeediyekkal Sunooj
1.3.1 Supplements are meant for men
and women 3 2.1 Introduction 29
1.4 Developmental strategy for 2.2 Cereal grains 29
nutraceuticals 4 2.2.1 Rice 29
1.5 Disease prevention claims of 2.2.2 Wheat 29
nutraceuticals 5 2.2.3 Barley 30
1.6 Sources of nutraceuticals and chemical 2.2.4 Oats 30
nature 6 2.2.5 Sorghum 30
1.7 Plant food by-products as source of 2.2.6 Rye 30
nutraceuticals 6 2.2.7 Maize 30
1.8 Nutraceutical profile of prominent 2.2.8 Millet 30
nutraceuticals 7 2.2.9 Othercereals 31
1.9 Mechanism of action of nutraceuticals 7 2.3 Nutritional profile of cereals 31
1.10 Nutraceuticals in ayurveda 8 2.3.1 Macronutrients 31
1.11 Recent trends in nutraceuticals 9 2.3.2 Micronutrients 33
1.12 Recent developments in nutraceuticals 10 2.3.3 Non-starch polysaccharides 33
1.13 Patents on nutraceuticals 11 2.4 Phytochemicals 33
1.13.1 Berberine 11 2.5 Antinutrients 33
1.13.2 Beta glucan 11 2.6 Classification and chemistryof cereal
1.13.3 Gamma oryzanol 15 proteins 33
1.13.4 Lignans 16 2.6.1 Cereal storage proteins 34
1.13.5 Curcumin 16 2.7 Extraction and characterization
1.14 Regulatory aspect of nutraceuticals 16 techniques 40
1.15 Current status 19 2.7.1 Extraction techniques 40
vii
viii Contents
2.7.2 Characterization techniques 45 4.2.3 Betalain production through
2.7.3 Detection techniques 47 metabolic engineering 89
2.8 Cereal proteins; toxicity, and safety 48 4.3 Extraction and characterization techniques 89
2.8.1 a-Amylase/trypsin inhibitors and 4.3.1 Tools of betalain characterization 90
lectins 48 4.4 Chemistry 91
2.8.2 Nonceliac gluten sensitivity 49 4.5 Mechanism of action 93
2.8.3 Immunoglobulin-mediated allergic 4.5.1 Regulation of cardiovascular disease 93
response 49 4.5.2 Regulation of hyperglycemia 94
2.8.4 Other allergenic responses 50 4.5.3 Regulation of microbe's activity 95
2.8.5 Celiac disorder 50 4.5.4 Regulation of cell apoptosis 95
2.9 Bioavailability 50 4.6 Bioavailabilityof betalains 96
2.9.1 Digestion of proteins 50 4.6.1 Stabilityof betalain related to
2.10 Applications of cereal proteins 53 structure and degradation pathways 97
2.10.1 Cereal proteins in food industries 53 4.6.2 Effect of isomerization 97
2.10.2 Cereal enzymes in food industries 54 4.6.3 Effect of deglycosylation 97
2.10.3 Specific application of cereal 4.6.4 Effect of hydrolysis 97
proteins 54 4.6.5 Effect of decarboxylation 97
2.10.4 Nutraceutical applications 54 4.6.6 Effect of dehydrogenation 98
2.11 Conclusion 56 4.6.7 Betalain stabilityaffected by
References 57 factors 98
4.7 Health benefits of betalains 98
3. Lignans
4.7.1 Free radical chelating character 98
4.7.2 Anticancer activity 99
Syeda Saniya Zahra, Ihsan-ul Haq and
4.7.3 Antilipidemic effects 99
Omer Farooq
4.7.4 Antimicrobial activity 99
3.1 Introduction 61 4.8 Conclusion 99
3.2 Sources/derivatives 61 References 100
3.2.1 Lignan content of various regional
5. Flavonoids
diets 65
3.3 Extraction and characterization
Prerna Gupta, Jasmeet Kour, Manish Bakshi and
techniques 66
Rhythm Kalsi
3.4 Chemistry 69
3.5 Mechanism of action 71 5.1 Introduction 105
3.6 Bioavailability 76 5.2 Sources/derivatives 106
3.7 Stability, safety, and toxicology 78 5.3 Extraction and characterization
3.8 Applications (clinical and techniques 106
pharmacological)/health benefits 79 5.4 Chemistry 106
3.8.1 Cancer prevention 79 5.5 Mechanism of action 107
3.8.2 Diabetes 79 5.6 Bioavailability 107
3.8.3 Dyslipidemia 79 5.7 Flavonoids stability and safetyand
3.8.4 Hypertension 79 toxicology 107
3.8.5 Management of hot flashes 80 5.7.1 Safetyand stability 107
3.8.6 Diet and sexual health 80 5.8 Clinical and pharmacological
3.9 Conclusion 82 applications 110
References 82 5.9 Health benefits 110
5.10 Conclusion 111
4. Betalain References 111
Varun Kumar and Amarjeet Kumar 6. Lycopene
4.1 Introduction 87
Nusrath Yasmeen, Aga Syed Sameer and
4.2 Sources/derivatives 87
Saniya Nissar
4.2.1 Betalain yield improvement in beet 88
4.2.2 Alternative plant source for betalains 89 6.1 Introduction 115
Contents ix
6.2 Sources of lycopene 115 7.5.4 Mechanism of action of carotenoids
6.3 Extraction and characterization in diabetes and associated
techniques 116 complications 144
6.4 Chemistry/structure of lycopene 116 7.5.5 Mechanism of action of carotenoids
6.5 Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and in neurodegenerative diseases 144
pharmacodynamics of lycopene 118 7.5.6 Mechanism of action of carotenoids
6.6 Mechanism of action of lycopene 119 in ophthalmic disorders 145
6.7 Isomerization and stabilityof 7.5.7 Mechanism of action of carotenoids
lycopene 120 as immunity booster 145
6.8 Safety and toxicity studies of lycopene 120 7.6 Bioavailabilityof carotenoids 145
6.9 Therapeutic properties of lycopene 121 7.6.1 Factors affecting bioavailability of
6.9.1 Antioxidative effects 121 carotenoids 146
6.9.2 Antiinflammatoryactivity 121 7.7 Stability, safety, and toxicity 146
6.9.3 Anticancer effects 123 7.8 Health benefits of carotenoids 147
6.9.4 Cardioprotective effects 125 7.8.1 Carotenoids as antioxidant and its
6.9.5 Antidiabetic effects 126 health benefits 147
6.9.6 Osteoprotective effects 127 7.8.2 Carotenoids in cancer 147
6.9.7 Hepatoprotective effects 127 7.8.3 Carotenoids in cardiovascular
6.9.8 Skin protective effects 127 diseases 148
6.9.9 Additional health benefits of 7.8.4 Carotenoids in diabetes mellitus and
lycopene 128 associated complications 148
6.10 Conclusion 128 7.8.5 Carotenoids in neurodegenerative
References 128 diseases 149
7.8.6 Carotenoids in age-related eye
7. Carotenoids
disorders 150
7.9 Conclusion 150
Sweta Priyadarshini Pradhan, Santwana Padhi, References 150
Monalisa Dash, Heena, Bharti Mittu and
Anindita Behera 8. Curcumin
7.1 Introduction 135
Srinivasan Krishnamoorthy, R. Paranthaman,
7.2 Sources of carotenoids 135
J.A. Moses and C. Anandharamakrishnan
7.3 Extraction and characterization
techniques 136 8.1 Introduction 159
7.3.1 Soxhlet extraction 138 8.2 Sources/derivatives 159
7.3.2 Ionic liquids as a solvent for 8.3 Extraction techniques 162
extraction 138 8.4 Chemistry 163
7.3.3 Microwave-assisted extraction 138 8.5 Mechanism of action 164
7.3.4 Ultrasonic-assisted extraction 138 8.5.1 Curcumin and transcription
7.3.5 Enzyme-assisted extraction 139 factors 164
7.3.6 Supercritical fluid extraction 139 8.5.2 Curcumin and adhesion molecules 165
7.3.7 Characterization of carotenoids 139 8.5.3 Curcumin and autophagy 165
7.4 Chemistryof carotenoids 141 8.6 Bioavailability 165
7.4.1 Chemical properties 141 8.6.1 Solubility 166
7.4.2 Physical properties 142 8.6.2 Permeability 166
7.4.3 Electrochemical properties 142 8.6.3 Novel strategies for enhancing the
7.5 Mechanism of action of carotenoids 143 bioavailability of curcumin 167
7.5.1 Mechanism of action of carotenoids 8.7 Safety and toxicology 168
as antioxidants 143 8.8 Applications (clinical and
7.5.2 Mechanism of action of carotenoids pharmacological)/health benefits 168
in cancer 143 8.8.1 Anticancer 169
7.5.3 Mechanism of action of carotenoids 8.8.2 Hepatoprotective 169
in cardiovascular diseases 144 8.8.3 Antidiabetic role 170
