Nursing theories: the base for professional nursing practice

701 Pages·2014·5.584 MB·English

by  George, Julia B

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Nursing Theories: The Base for
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ISBN 978-1-29202-785-2
9 781292 027852
Pearson New International Edition

Nursing Theories: The Base for
Professional Nursing Practice
Julia B. George
Sixth Edition
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P E A R S O N C U S T O M L I B R AR Y
Table of Contents
1. Glossary
Julia B. George 1
2. An Introduction to Nursing Theory
Julia B. George 13
3. Nursing Theory and Clinical Practice
Julia B. George 35
4. Environmental Model: Florence Nightingale
Julia B. George 59
5. Interpersonal Relations in Nursing: Hildegard E. Peplau
Julia B. George 77
6. Definition and Components of Nursing: Virginia Henderson
Julia B. George 101
7. Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory: Dorothea E. Orem
Julia B. George 127
8. Behavioral System Model: Dorothy E. Johnson
Julia B. George 161
9. Nursing Process Discipline: Ida Jean Orlando
Julia B. George 179
10. Other Theories from 1950s and 1960s
Julia B. George 199
11. The Conservation Principles: A Model for Health: Myra E. Levine
Julia B. George 231
12. Conceptual System and Theory of Goal Attainment: Imogene M. King
Julia B. George 251
13. Science of Unitary Human Beings: Martha E. Rogers
Julia B. George 285
I
334444555666615025704703691977995315551
14. Roy Adaptation Mode: Sister Callista Roy
Julia B. George 311
15. The Neuman Systems Model: Betty Neuman
Julia B. George 359
16. Other Theories from the 1970s
Julia B. George 407
17. Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality: Madeleine M. Leininger
Julia B. George 427
18. Health as Expanding Consciousness: Margaret Newman
Julia B. George 459
19. Theory of Transpersonal Caring: Jean Watson
Julia B. George 479
20. Human Becoming School of Thought: Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
Julia B. George 505
21. The Modeling and Role-Modeling Theory: Erickson, Tomlin, and Swain
Julia B. George 543
22. Health Promotion Model: Nola J. Pender
Julia B. George 571
23. Philosophy of Caring and Expert Nursing Practice: Patricia Benner
Julia B. George 605
24. Other Theories of the 1980s
Julia B. George 635
25. Other Nursing Theories of the 1990s
Julia B. George 665
Index 691
II
GLOSSARY*
Abstract concept. An image of some- simultaneous needs to be attached to oth-
thing neither observable nor measurable. ers and separate from them.
Achievement subsystem. (Johnson) The Agency. (Benner) The ability to influ-
behavioral subsystem relating to behaviors ence the situation.
that attempt to control the environment
Agent. (Wiedenbach) The practicing
and lead to personal accomplishment.
nurse, or the nurse’s delegate, who serves
Adaptation. (Levine) Process of adjust- as the propelling force in goal-directed
ing or modifying behavior or functioning behavior.
to fit the situation and to achieve conser-
Aggressive subsystem. (Johnson) The
vation; life process by which people main-
behavioral subsystem that relates to be-
tain wholeness.
haviors concerned with protection and
Adaptation. (Mishel) All of the person’s self-preservation.
behaviors (biological, psychological, so-
Animate environment. (Barnard) Social
cial) as they occur within that person’s
aspects of the situation.
usual range of behavior.
Arousal. (Erickson, Tomlin, and Swain)
Adaptation. (Roy) Process and outcome
Astress state in which the person needs
of the use, by thinking and feeling people
assistance to moblize resources.
as individuals and groups, of conscious
Assessment of behaviors. (Roy) Be-
awareness and choice to create human
havioral assessment; the gathering of output
and environmental integration.
behaviors of the person in relation to the four
Adaptation level. (Roy) Internal pool-
adaptive modes.
ing of stimuli with three levels:
Assessment of stimuli. (Roy) The col-
Integrated processes are working as a
lection of data about focal, contextual, and
whole to meet human system needs.
residual stimuli impinging on the person.
Compensatory processes occur when re-
Assumption. Statement or view that is
sponse systems have been activated.
widely accepted as true.
Compromised processes occur when the
integrated and compensatory processes Assumption. (Wiedenbach) The mean-
are not providing for adaptation. ing a nurse attaches to an interpretation of
a sensory impression.
Adaptive potential. (Erickson, Tomlin,
and Swain) The person’s ability to mobi- Assumptions, expectations, and set.
lize resources to cope with stressors. (Benner) Beliefs generated from past expe-
Adaptive responses. (Roy) Behaviors riences that influence the nurse’s view and
that positively affect health through pro- understanding of the current situation.
motion of the integrity of the person in Attachment or affiliative subsystem.
terms of survival, growth, reproduction, (Johnson) The behavioral subsystem that
mastery, and transformation of the system is the first formed and provides for a
and environment. strong social bond.
Affliliated-individuation. (Erickson, Authentic commitment. (Paterson and
Tomlin, and Swain) The individual’s Zderad) The nurse is actively present with
*When a term relates specifically to a theorist, the name of the theorist appears in parentheses after the term.
From Glossary of Nursing Theories: The Base for Professional Nursing Practice,6/e. Julia B. George.
Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
1
Glossary
the whole of the nurse’s being, both per- individual (or group) toward healing and
sonally and professionally. wellbeing.
Authority. (King) An active, reciprocal Caring. (Benner) An essential skill of
relationship that involves values, experi- nurses; a basic way of being in the world.
ence, and perceptions in defining, validat- Caring. (Boykin and Schoenhofer)
ing, and accepting the right of an individual Intentional and authentic presence recog-
to act within an organization. nizing the other as living and growing in
Automatic actions. (Orlando) Nursing caring.
actions decided on for reasons other than Caring occasion/moment. (Watson) The
the patient’s immediate need. coming together of a nurse and another in
Authentic commitment. (Paterson and human-to-human transaction.
Zderad) The nurse being actively present Central purpose. (Wiedenbach) The
with the whole of the nurse’s being. commitment of the individual nurse,
based on a personal philosophy, that de-
Background meaning. (Benner) Culturally
fines the desired quality of health and
acquired meanings, accumulated from
specifies the nurse’s special responsibility
birth, that influence one’s perceptions.
in providing care to assist others in
Basic conditioning factors. (Orem) As- achieving or sustaining that quality.
pects that influence the individual’s self-care
Choice point. (Newman) Degree of dis-
ability; include age, gender, stage of devel-
organization indicating change is needed.
opment, state of health, sociocultural orien-
Chronic illness. (Corbin and Strauss)
tation, health care system and family system
Any condition (physical or mental) that
factors, patterns of living, environment, and
requires monitoring or management for
availability and adequacy of resources.
symptom control and to shape the course
Being and doing. (Paterson and Zderad)
of the disease for longer than six months.
The interrelationship of existence and
Clinical forethought. (Benner) The ability
action.
to anticipate likely events and create a plan
Body image. (King) Individuals’ percep-
of action in order to prevent problems.
tions of their own bodies, influenced by
Clinical judgment. (Benner) The ability
the reactions of others.
to recognize important aspects of a situa-
Call and response. (Paterson and Zderad) tion and act appropriately.
Simultaneous, sequential transactions, Clinical knowledge. (Benner) Practical
both verbal and nonverbal and possibly knowledge that includes qualitative dis-
all-at-once. tinctions; common meanings; assump-
Care. (Hall) The exclusive aspect of tions, expectations, and sets; paradigm
nursing that provides the patient bodily cases and personal knowledge; maxims;
comfort through “laying on of hands” and and unplanned practices.
provides an opportunity for closeness. Clinical reasoning. (Benner) The process
Care. (Leininger) (noun) Phenomena re- of understanding a patient’s condition at
lated to assistive, supportive, or enabling a particular time, based upon observed
behavior toward or for another individual changes.
(or group) with evident or anticipated Clinical transitions. (Benner) Detection of
needs to ameliorate or improve a human subtle or not-so-subtle changes that require
condition or lifeway. reconsideration of patient needs.
Care. (Leininger) (gerund) Action direct- Cocreating. (Parse) Participation of hu-
ed toward assisting or helping another manuniverse in creating pattern.
2
Glossary
Cognator mechanism. (Roy) Coping Conservation of structural integrity.
mechanism or control subsystem that re- (Levine) Maintaining or restoring the
lates to the higher brain functions of percep- structure of the body.
tion, information processing, learning, Contextual stimuli. (Roy) Stimuli of the
judgment, and emotion. human system’s internal or external world,
Cognitive schema. (Mishel) One’s inter- other than those immediately confronting
pretation of illness-related events; by its the system, that influence the situation
nature, this interpretation is subjective. and are observable, measurable, or subjec-
Comfort. (Kolcaba) The immediate tively reported by the system as having a
sense of being strengthened by feeling positive or negative effect.
relief from having a specific need met, Coping. (Barnard) The ability to respond
experiencing a state of calm or content- to novel or stressful situations.
ment (ease), and rising above problems Core. (Hall) The aspect of client interac-
or pain (transcendence) in the four
tion shared with any health professional
contexts of physical, psychospiritual, en-
who therapeutically uses a freely offered
vironmental, and sociocultural human
closeness to help the patient discover who
experience.
he or she is.
Communication. (King) Adirect or in-
Core. (Neuman) The basic structure and
direct process in which one person gives
energy resources of the system.
information to another.
Covert problem. Hidden or concealed
Community. (Paterson and Zderad)
condition of concern.
Two or more persons striving together,
Critical thinking. A disciplined intel-
living–dying all-at-once.
lectual process of applying knowledge,
Concept. An abstract notion; a vehicle of
experience, abilities, and attitudes to
thought that involves images; words that
guide actions and beliefs.
describe objects, properties, or events.
Cultural imposition. (Leininger) Efforts
Connecting–separating. (Parse) The
of an outsider, subtle and not so subtle, to
rhythmical process of moving together
impose his or her own cultural values,
and moving apart.
beliefs, or behaviors upon an individual,
Consciousness. (Newman) The informa- family, or group from another culture.
tion of the system; the system’s capacity to
Culture. (Leininger) Learned, shared,
interact with the environment.
and transmitted values, beliefs, norms,
Conservation. (Levine) Defense of the and lifeway practices of a particular group
wholeness of a living system through the that guide thinking, decisions, and actions
most economical use of resources; ensures in patterned ways.
ability to confront change appropriately
Culture values. (Leininger) Values that
and retain unique identity.
are derived from the culture, identify de-
Conservation of energy. (Levine) Bal- sirable ways of acting or knowing, guide
ancing energy output with energy input to decision making, are often held over long
avoid excessive fatigue. periods, and have a powerful influence on
Conservation of personal integrity. behavior.
(Levine) Maintaining or restoring the pa- Culture care. (Leininger) Assistive, sup-
tient’s sense of identity and self-worth. portive, or facilitative caring acts (toward
Conservation of social integrity.(Levine) self or others) that are culturally constitut-
Acknowledging the patient as a social ed and focus on needs, either evident or
being. anticipated, for health and well-being or
3
Glossary
to face disabilities, death, or other human Decision making in organizations.
conditions. (King) An active process in which choice,
Culture care accommodation/negotiation. directed by goals, is made and acted upon.
(Leininger) Creative professional actions and Deliberative actions. (Orlando) Nursing
decisions that assist, accommodate, facilitate, actions that ascertain or meet the patient’s
or enable clients of a particular culture to immediate need.
adapt to, or negotiate for, safe, effective, and Dependency subsystem. (Johnson) The
culturally congruent care for health and well behavioral subsystem in which behaviors
being or to deal with illness or dying. evoke nurturing behaviors in others.
Culture care diversity. (Leininger) The Disciplined intellectual approach.
variability or differences of culture care (Travelbee) Use of logic, reasoning, reflec-
meanings, patterns, values, lifeways, sym- tion, and deliberation to validate, analyze,
bols, or other features of care that relate to and synthesize information.
the provision of beneficial care in a desig-
Discrepancy. (Johnson) Action that does
nated culture.
not achieve the intended goal.
Culture care preservation/maintenance.
Dominance. (Johnson) Primary use of
(Leininger) Professional actions and deci-
one behavioral subsystem to the detriment
sions that assist, support, facilitate, or en-
of the other subsystems and regardless of
able clients of a particular culture to keep,
the situation.
preserve, or maintain helpful care beliefs
Drive. (Johnson) Stimulus to behavior.
or to face handicaps and death.
Culture care repatterning/restructuring.
Eliminative subsystem. (Johnson) The
(Leininger) Professional actions or deci-
behavioral subsystem that relates to socially
sions that assist, support, facilitate, or en-
acceptable behaviors surrounding the
able clients change, reorder, modify, or re-
excretion of waste products from the body.
structure their lifeways and institutions for
Embodied knowledge. (Benner) Informa-
new or different patterns that are culturally
tion “known” by the body that affects habits
meaningful and satisfying, or that support
related to attentiveness, thinking, and act-
beneficial and healthy life patterns, prac-
ing; a method of reasoning and learning.
tices, or outcomes.
Emic. (Leininger) Personal knowledge or
Culture care universality. (Leininger)
explanation of behavior; indigenous, not
Aspects or features of culture care that are
universal; the insider’s view of a culture.
commonly shared by human beings or a
Empirical. Measured or observed through
group; these features have recurrent
the senses.
meanings, patterns, values, lifeways, or
symbols and serve as a guide for care- Enabling–limiting. (Parse) Making choic-
givers to assist, support, facilitate, or en- es results in helping an individual in some
able people toward healthy outcomes. ways while restricting in others.
Culture shock. (Leininger) Experiencing Energy field. (Rogers) The dynamic, in-
feelings of discomfort, helplessness, dis- finite, fundamental unit of both the living
orientation while attempting to compre- and nonliving.
hend or adapt effectively to a different Environment. (Neuman) Those forces
cultural group. that surround humans at any given point in
Cure. (Hall) An aspect of nursing shared time; may be internal, external, or created.
with medical personnel in which the nurse Environment. (Nightingale) External
helps the patient and family through med- conditions and influences that affect life
ical, surgical, and rehabilitative care. and development.
4
Glossary
Environment. (Rogers) Pan-dimensional, the possibilities called forth by others
negentropic energy field identified by (moreness-choice), and genuine presence
pattern and integral with the human energy occurring only when presence is valued
field. (value-nonvalue).
Environment. (Roy) All conditions, cir- Existential psychology. The study of
cumstances, and influences surrounding human existence using phenomenological
and affecting the development and behav- analysis.
ior of human systems. Special attention is Extrapersonal stressors. (Neuman) Forces
to be paid to person and earth resources. occurring outside the system that generate a
Environmental context. (Leininger) The reaction or response from the system.
totality of an event, situation, or particular
Flexible line of defense. (Neuman) Vari-
experience that gives meaning to human
able and constantly changing biological-
expressions, including physical, ecologi-
psychological-sociocultural-developmental
cal, social interactions, emotional, and cul-
and spiritual ability to respond to stressors.
tural dimensions.
Focal stimulus. (Roy) Stimulus of the
Epistemology. The study of the history
human system’s internal or external world
of knowledge, including the origin, na-
that immediately confronts the system.
ture, methods, and limitations of knowl-
Framework. (Wiedenbach) The human,
edge development.
environmental, professional, and organi-
Equilibrium. (Erickson, Tomlin, and
zational facilities that make up the context
Swain) Anonstress state. In adaptive equi-
in which nursing is practiced and that
librium all subsystems are in harmony. In
constitute its currently existing limits.
maladaptive equilibrium, one or more
subsystems are placed in jeopardy to
General system theory. Ageneral science
maintain the nonstress state.
of wholeness.
Ethnonursing. (Leininger) The in-depth
Generic care system. (Leininger) Tradi-
study of multiple cultures and care factors
tional or local indigenous health care or
in a rigorous and systematicmanner; such
cure practices that have special meanings
study occurs within people’s familiar
and uses to heal or assist people and are
environments and focuses on the interre-
generally offered in familiar home or com-
lationships of care and culture; the goal is
munity environmental contexts with their
identification and provision of culturally
local practitioners.
congruent care services.
Goal. (Wiedenbach) Outcome the nurse
Etic. (Leininger) Knowledge reflected in seeks to achieve.
the professional perspective; may also be
Grand theory. Theory that covers broad
considered the stranger’s or outsider’s
areas of a discipline; may not be testable.
view of a culture.
Growth and development. (King) The
Evidence-based practice. Practice support-
process in the lives of individuals that in-
ed by research pertinent to that clinical area.
volves changes at the cellular, molecular,
Existential experience. (Paterson and and behavioral levels and helps them
Zderad). The experience that involves move from potential to achievement.
being at the same moment unique and
like others (uniqueness-otherness), being Health promotion. (Pender) Behavior
in touch with one’s self and open to oth- that arises from the desire to increase
ers (authenticity-experiencing), increas- well-being and to achieve one’s health
ing awareness of our own responses and potential.
5