nurses' perception about the implementation of focused ante - Unisa

160 Pages·2010·0.97 MB·English

NURSES’ PERCEPTION ABOUT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FOCUSED ANTE-
NATAL CARE SERVICES IN DISTRICT HEALTH FACILITIES OF DAR ES
SALAAM

by

MAVIS LUNGELWA YENGO

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements

for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

in the subject

HEALTH STUDIES

at the

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA

SUPERVISOR: MRS LV MONARENG

JOINT SUPERVISOR: DR EN MONAMA

NOVEMBER 2009
Student number: 0396 345

D E C L A R A T I O N

I declare that NURSES’ PERCEPTION ABOUT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF
FOCUSED ANTE- NATAL CARE SERVICES IN DISTRICT HEALTH FACILITIES
OF DAR ES SALAAM is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or
quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references
and that this work has not been submitted before for any other degree at any other
institution.

_________________________ _____________________
SIGNATURE DATE
(MRS MAVIS LUNGELWA YENGO)
NURSES’ PERCEPTION ABOUT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FOCUSED ANTE-
NATAL CARE SERVICES IN DISTRICT HEALTH FACILITIES OF DAR ES
SALAAM

STUDENT NUMBER : 0396 345
STUDENT : MAVIS LUNGELWA YENGO
DEGREE : MASTER OF ARTS
DEPARTMENT : HEALTH STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA
SUPERVISOR : MRS LV MONARENG
JOINT SUPERVISOR : DR EN MONAMA

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the perception of nurses
about the implementation of focused ante-natal care services in nine district health
facilities of Dar es Salaam. Quantitative, explorative and descriptive research was
conducted to determine how the implementation of the focused ante-natal care
guidelines was perceived by nurses who provided midwifery health care services.
Data collection was done using a structured questionnaire. A simple random
sampling method was used to select the respondents. The study sample comprised
of nursing officers (n=50), nurse midwives (53) and public health nurses (40). The
SAS/Basic and SAS/STAT version 11.1 was used to analyse data. Validity was
ensured and the Cronbach’s coefficient reliability test was 0.86.The findings revealed
that the greatest area of concern was the shortage of human and material resources
for successful implementation of focused ante-natal care to pregnant women and
unborn children.

Key concepts

Implementation of focused ante-natal care services; nurse model and ante-natal
care;
perception; district health facilities.
Acknowledgements

I am grateful to God for giving me the opportunity to complete this study, and give
Him thanks and praise.

I would also like to give my thanks to the following persons for their invaluable
support and unending encouragement:

• The Aga Khan University in East Africa Advanced Nursing Studies Management for
granting me permission to conduct this study at their institution
• Mrs LV Monareng and Dr EN Monama my supervisors at Unisa for all they taught
me with committed guidance
• Mrs T Erasmus, Unisa librarian, for her support with literature and other needed
library resources
• My husband, children, family and friends, who encouraged me and never gave up on
supporting and believing in me
• Mrs Hellen Muhler, statistician, for her guidance with the statistical analysis of the
study
• Mrs Rina Coetzer for helping me to format the study
• Mrs Marthie Botha for editing the manuscript
• My colleagues for their willingness to participate in the study
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Table of contents Page

CHAPTER 1

Orientation to the study ........................................................................................... 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................
1.2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT THE RESEARCH PROBLEM ...... 2
1.3 RESEARCH PROBLEM ................................................................................ 5
1.3.1 Statement of the research problem ............................................................... 7
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY ......................................................................... 8
1.4.1 Research questions ...................................................................................... 8
1.4.2 Research objective ........................................................................................ 8
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ................................................................. 9
1.6 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS ...................................................................... 9
1.6.1 Ante-natal care .............................................................................................. 9
1.6.2 Focused ante-natal care services ............................................................... 10
1.6.3 Implementation ............................................................................................ 10
1.6.4 Model .......................................................................................................... 11
1.6.5 Nurse .......................................................................................................... 11
1.6.6 Perception ................................................................................................... 12
1.6.7 Patient ......................................................................................................... 12
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1.7 THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF THE STUDY ....................................... 12

1.7.1 Theoretical framework ................................................................................. 13
1.7.2 Assumptions................................................................................................ 13
1.8 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................... 15
1.9 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHOD ........................................................ 16
The details of the research design and method are discussed in Chapter 3. ........... 16
1.10 STRUCTURE OF THE DISSERTATION .................................................... 17
1.11 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................ 17
CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................. 18
Literature review..................................................................................................... 18
2.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 18
2.2 ANTE-NATAL CARE SERVICES ................................................................ 18
2.2.1 Approaches to ante-natal care (ANC) services in some African countries .. 20
2.3 FOCUSED ANTE-NATAL CARE MODEL ................................................... 25
2.3.1 Goals of focused ante-natal care service .................................................... 26
2.3.2 Implementation of focused ante-natal care ................................................. 27
2.4 DISTRICT HEALTH SYSTEM ..................................................................... 30
2.4.1 Dar es Salaam districts ............................................................................... 31
2.5 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................... 35
2.6 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................ 38
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CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................. 40
Research design and methodology ...................................................................... 40
3.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 40
3.2 RESEARCH APPROACH ........................................................................... 40
3.2.1 Quantitative approach ............................................................................... 40
3.3 RESEARCH DESIGN ................................................................................. 42
3.3.1 Explorative design ....................................................................................... 42
3.3.2 Descriptive design ....................................................................................... 42
3.3.3 Survey ......................................................................................................... 43
3.3.4 Research setting ......................................................................................... 44
3.4 RESEARCH METHOD ................................................................................ 44
3.4.1 Population ................................................................................................... 45
3.4.2 Sample and sampling technique ................................................................. 46
3.4.2.1 Stratified random sampling.......................................................................... 46
3.4.3 Data collection ............................................................................................. 49
3.4.3.1 Data collection method ................................................................................ 50
3.4.3.2 Construction of the questionnaire ................................................................ 51
3.4.3.3 Structure of the questionnaire ..................................................................... 52
3.4.4 Pre-testing the questionnaire ...................................................................... 52
3.4.5 Data collection process ............................................................................... 53
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3.5 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY ..................................................................... 54
3.5.1 Validity ........................................................................................................ 54
3.5.2 Reliability ..................................................................................................... 56
3.6 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................... 57
3.7.1 Protection of the rights of respondents ............................................................ 57
3.7 DATA ANALYSIS ........................................................................................ 62
3.8 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................... 622
CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................. 63
Data presentation, analysis and interpretation ................................................... 63
4.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 63
4.2 ANALYSIS OF THE DATA .......................................................................... 63
4.3 SECTION A: DEMOGRAPHIC DATA ......................................................... 64
4.3.1 Nursing category ......................................................................................... 64
4.3.2 Age .............................................................................................................. 65
4.3.3 Trained in reproductive and child health ..................................................... 66
4.3.4 Training period ............................................................................................ 67
4.3.5 Experience in reproductive and child health ................................................ 68
4.3.6 Trained in focused ante-natal care .............................................................. 69
4.3.7 Knowledge gained from training .................................................................. 71
4.3.8 Application of knowledge ............................................................................ 72
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4.4 SECTION B: CLINIC RESOURCES .................................................................. 73
4.4.1 Adequacy of staff as human resources ....................................................... 73
4.4.2 Category of nurses to be added .................................................................. 74
4.4.3 Adequate provision of facilities .................................................................... 75
4.5 SECTION C: INFORMATION PROVIDED TO PATIENTS DURING ANTE-
NATAL VISITS ......................................................................................................... 76
4.5.1 Information .................................................................................................. 76
4.6 SECTION D: INFORMATION PROVIDED ON HOW TO RECOGNISE
COMPLICATIONS DURING PREGNANCY ............................................................. 77
4.6.1 Information on how to recognise complications during pregnancy .............. 77
4.7 SECTION E: PERCEPTIONS ABOUT IMPLEMENTATION OF FANC ...... 79
4.8 SECTION F: PERCEPTION OF NURSES ABOUT THE OUTCOME ON
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FANC......................................................................... 80
4.9 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................ 81
CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................. 83
Findings, limitations and recommendations ....................................................... 83
5.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 83
5.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY ..................................................................... 83
5.3 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS .......................................................................... 83
5.3.1 Demographic data ....................................................................................... 83
5.3.2 Clinic resources ........................................................................................... 86
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5.3.3 Information provided to patients during ante-natal visits ............................. 87
5.3.4 Information provided on how to recognise complications during pregnancy 89
5.3.5 Perceptions about the implementation of FANC ......................................... 91
5.3.6 Perceptions about the outcome on the implementation of FANC ................ 92
5.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS........................................................................ 93
5.5 RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................. 93
5.6 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................ 95
LIST OF SOURCES ................................................................................................. 96