Table Of Content_
(innnn
econd Edtion
W. A. n, fn, Inc.
Advancad Book Program
Nuclei
and
Particles
An Introduction to Nuclear and Subnuclear Physics
SECOND EDITION
Completely revised, reset, enlarged
EMILIO SEGRE
Professor of Physics (Emeritus)
University of California, Berkeley
eeisN
1977
W. A. Benjamin, Inc.
ADVANCED BOOK PROGRAM
Reading, Massachusetts
London Amsterdam Don Mills, Ontario Sydney Tokyo
NUCLEI AND PARTICLES
First edition, 1964
Second edition, completely revised, reset, enlarged, 1977
stn
Segre, Emilio.
Nuclei and particles.
Bibliography: p.
includes indexes.
1. Nuclear physics. 2. Particles (Nuclear physics)
I. Title.
QC776.S4 1977 539.7 77-10845
ISBN: 0-8053-8601-7
Foreign-language versions of the first edition:
Italian: N. Zamchelli, Bologna
1966
Japanese: Yoshioka Shoten, Kyoto
1975
Spanish: Editorial Reverte, Barcelona
1972
Copyright © 1977 by W. A. Benjamin, Inc.
Published simultaneously in Canada
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher, W. A. Benjamin, Inc.,
Advanced Book Program, Reading, Massachusetts 01867
Manufactured in the United States of America
ABCDEFGHIJ-HA-7987
Contents
Preface to the Second Edition xiii
Preface to the First Edition xv
Selected Bibliography xvii
CHAPTER 1 HISTORY AND INTRODUCTION
1
1-1 Units 10
1-2 Terminology and Definitions 12
Bibliography 15
Problems
15
Part I Tools
CHAPTER 2 THE PASSAGE OF RADIATIONS THROUGH MATTER 19
2-1 Introduction 19
2-2 Rutherford Scattering 22
2-3 Energy Loss due to Ionization 28
2-4 Energy Loss of Electrons 36
2-5 Polarization Effects-Cerenkov Radiation 41
2-6 Ionization in Gases and Semiconductors 42
2-7 Multiple Scattering 44
2-8 Straggling 48
2-9 Passage of Gamma Rays through Matter 54
2-10 Radiation Loss by Fast Electrons 62
V
vi CONTENTS
2-11 Radiation Length; Showers 71
2-12 Positron Annihilation 74
2-13 Polarization Phenomena 78
Bibliography 82
Problems 83
CHAPTER 3 DETECTION METHODS FOR NUCLEAR RADIATIONS 86
3-1 Classification 86
3-2 Ionization Chambers and Solid-State Detectors 88
3-3 Proportional and Geiger-Mtiller Counters 94
3-4 Scintillation Counters 97
3-5 Cerenkov Counters 101
3-6 Photographic Emulsions 104
3-7 Nuclear Tracks in Solids 107
3-8 Cloud Chambers 109
3-9 Bubble Chambers 112
3-10 Spark Chamber and Streamer Chamber 114
3-11 Electronics 117
3-12 Complex Nuclear Instruments 120
3-13 Charged-Particle Spectrometers 123
3-14 Gamma-Ray Spectrometers 126
Bibliography 128
Problems 128
CHAPTER 4 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS 130
4-1 Introduction and Classification 130
4-2 Potential-Drop Accelerators 135
4-3 The Betatron 136
4-4 The Cyclotron 141
4-5 Phase Oscillations and Stability 143
4-6 The Synchrotron and Proton Synchrotron 149
4-7 Strong Focusing 149
4-8 Linear Accelerators 153
4-9 Colliding Beams 156
4-10 Beam-Transport Apparatus 161
Bibliography 166
Problems 167
CHAPT ER 5 RADIOACTIVE DECAY 168
5-1 Continuum Theory-One Substance 169
5-2 Continuum Theory-More Than One Substance 170
5-3 Branching 175
5-4 Some Units Used in Radioactivity; Dosimetry 176
5-5 Fluctuations in Radioactive Decay-General Theory 180
CONTENTS vii
5-6 Fluctuations in Radioactive Decay-Applications 189
5-7 Method of Maximum Likelihood 193
5-8 Methods of Measuring Decay Constants 195
5-9 Chronological and Geological Applications 200
Bibliography 202
Problems 202
Part II The Nucleus
CHAPTER 6 ELEMENTS OF THE NUCLEAR STRUCTURE
AND SYSTEMATICS 207
6-1 Charge 208
6-2 Mass 211
6-3 Nuclear Radii 219
6-4 Mesic and Exotic Atoms 227
6-5 Nuclear Statistics 232
6-6 The Nucleus as a Fermi Gas 236
6-7 The Liquid Drop Model 240
6-8 Electric Moments of Nuclei 249
6-9 Spin and Magnetic Moments 1 254
6-10 Spin and Magnetic Moments (Measurements) II 265
6-11 Nuclear Polarization 272
6-12 Values of Spin, Magnetic Moments, and Quadrupole
Moments 274
6-13 Shell Model 279
6-14 The Pairing Interaction 287
6-15 Collective Nuclear Model 293
6-16 Rotational Levels 300
6-17 Concluding Remarks 311
Bibliography 313
Problems 314
CHAPTER 7 ALPHA EMISSION 319
7-1 Introduction: Barrier Penetration 319
7-2 Fine Structure of Alpha Spectra 328
7-3 Systematics of Alpha Decay 33&
7-4 Virtual Binding 334
Bibliography 339
Problems 340
CHAPTER 8 GAMMA EMISSION 341
8-1 Introduction 341
8-2 Selection Rules 351
8-3 Transition Probabilities 355
viii CONTENTS
8-4 Internal Conversion 362
8-5 Nuclear Isomerism 369
8-6 Angular Correlations in Gamma Emission 373
8-7 Coulomb Excitation 375
8-8 Nuclear Fluorescence 377
Bibliography 388
Problems 388
CHAPTER 9 BETA DECAY 391
9-1 Introduction 391
9-2 Experiments on the Neutrino 395
9-3 Energetics of Beta Decay 402
9-4 Classification of Interactions. Parity 404
9-5 Fermi's Theory of Beta Decay 410
9-6 Matrix Element 421
9-7 Further Experiments on the Weak Interaction 426
9-8 Theory of the Beta Interaction 431
9-9 Quantitative Study of Some Matrix Elements 436
9-10 Conservation of Leptons 440
9-11 Universal Fermi Interaction 443
Bibliography 444
Problems 445
CHAPTER 10 THE TWO-BODY SYSTEMS AND NUCLEAR FORCES 446
10-1 The deuteron 447
10-2 Low-Energy Neutron-Proton Scattering 450
10-3 Proton-Proton System and Scattering 455
10-4 Charge Independence of Nuclear Forces-Isotopic Spin 458
10-5 Spin-Dependent and Tensor Forces 469
10-6 Nucleon-Nucleon Forces; Exchange Forces 471
10-7 Polarization; High-Energy Nuclear Scattenng 481
10-8 Capture of Slow Neutrons by Hydrogen 491
10-9 Photodisintegration of the Deuteron 496
Bibliography 498
Problems 498
CHAPTER 11 NUCLEAR REACTIONS 501
11-1 Introduction 501
11-2 General Features of Cross Sections 505
11-3 Inverse Reaction-Detailed Balance 510
11-4 Reaction Mechanisms. The Compound Nucleus
(Qualitative) 512
11-5 Formal Developments-Scattering Matrix 526
11-6 Resonances 535
11-7 Optical Model 547
CONTENTS ix
11-8 Compound Nucleus-Level Density 552
11-9 Direct Reactions 560
11-10 The Fission Process 572
11-11 Heavy-Ion Nuclear Reactions 595
11-12 Photonuclear Reactions 601
11-13 "Intermediate Energy" Reactions 608
Bibliography 612
Problems 613
CHAPTER 12 NEUTRONS 616
12-1 Neutron Sources 618
12-2 Slowing Down of Neutrons 621
12-3 Energy Distributions of Neutrons from a
Monoenergetic Source 626
12-4 Mean Distance from a Point Source vs. Energy 628
12-5 Diffusion Theory-Introduction 631
12-6 The Age Equation 632
12-7 Diffusion of Thermal Neutrons 636
12-8 Chain-Reacting Pile 638
12-9 Pile Kinetics 649
12-10 Breeding and Converting 652
12-11 Fusion Reactions 652
12-12 Effect of Chemical Binding of Hydrogen Scatterer 657
12-13 Low-Energy Scattering from Complex Nuclei 659
12-14 Determination of Scattering Lengths 660
12-15 Scattering in Ortho- and Parahydrogen 664
12-16 Interference Phenomena in Crystals 665
12-17 Index of Refraction 670
12-18 Polarization of Slow-Neutron Beams 673
Bibliography 675
Problems 675
Part III Particles
CHAPTER 13 INTRODUCTION TO PARTICLE PHYSICS 681
13-1 General Ideas, Nomenclature, and Catalogue of Particles 681
13-2 Associated Production; Strangeness 696
13-3 Interactions; Conservation Laws 704
13-4 Some New Symmetries and Selection Rules 707
13-5 CPT Theorem 712
13-6 Crossing Relations 713
13-7 Experiments on Mass, Life, and Other Particle Properties 716
Bibliography 725
Problems 725
