Table Of ContentNUCLEAR POWER
CONTROL, RELIABILITY
AND HUMAN FACTORS
Edited by Pavel V. Tsvetkov
NUCLEAR POWER –
CONTROL, RELIABILITY
AND HUMAN FACTORS
Edited by Pavel V. Tsvetkov
Nuclear Power – Control, Reliability and Human Factors
Edited by Pavel V. Tsvetkov
Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Copyright © 2011 InTech
All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons
Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy,
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Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors
and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted
for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher
assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out
of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.
Publishing Process Manager Petra Zobic
Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic
Cover Designer Jan Hyrat
Image Copyright Ensuper, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com
First published September, 2011
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]
Nuclear Power – Control, Reliability and Human Factors, Edited by Pavel V. Tsvetkov
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-599-0
Contents
Preface IX
Part 1 Instrumentation and Control 1
Chapter 1 Sensor Devices with High Metrological Reliability 3
Kseniia Sapozhnikova and Roald Taymanov
Chapter 2 Multi-Version FPGA-Based Nuclear
Power Plant I&C Systems: Evolution of Safety Ensuring 27
Vyacheslav Kharchenko, Olexandr Siora and Volodymyr Sklyar
Chapter 3 Nuclear Power Plant Instrumentation and Control 49
H.M. Hashemian
Chapter 4 Design Considerations for the Implementation of
a Mobile IP Telephony System in a Nuclear Power Plant 67
J. García-Hernández, J. C. Velázquez- Hernández,
C. F. García-Hernández and M. A. Vallejo-Alarcón
Chapter 5 Smart Synergistic Security
Sensory Network for Harsh Environments: Net4S 85
Igor Peshko
Chapter 6 An Approach to Autonomous
Control for Space Nuclear Power Systems 101
Richard Wood and Belle Upadhyaya
Chapter 7 Radiation-Hard and Intelligent
Optical Fiber Sensors for Nuclear Power Plants 119
Grigory Y. Buymistriuc
Chapter 8 Monitoring Radioactivity
in the Environment Under
Routine and Emergency Conditions 145
De Cort Marc
VI Contents
Chapter 9 Origin and Detection
of Actinides: Where Do We Stand
with the Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technique? 167
Mario De Cesare
Part 2 Reliability and Failure Mechanisms 187
Chapter 10 Evaluation of Dynamic J-R Curve for Leak Before
Break Design of Nuclear Reactor Coolant Piping System 189
Kuk-cheol Kim, Hee-kyung Kwon, Jae-seok Park and Un-hak Seong
Chapter 11 Feed Water Line
Cracking in Pressurized Water Reactor Plants 207
Somnath Chattopadhyay
Chapter 12 Degradation Due to Neutron
Embrittlement of Nuclear Vessel Steels:
A Critical Review about the Current Experimental
and Analytical Techniques to Characterise the Material,
with Particular Emphasis on Alternative Methodologies 215
Diego Ferreño, Iñaki Gorrochategui and Federico Gutiérrez-Solana
Chapter 13 Corrosion Monitoring
of the Steam Generators of V-th and
VI-th Energy Blocks of Nuclear Power Plant “Kozloduy” 239
Nikolai Boshkov, Georgi Raichevski, Katja Minkova and Penjo Penev
Chapter 14 Collapse Behavior
of Moderately Thick Tubes Pressurized from Outside 257
Leone Corradi, Antonio Cammi and Lelio Luzzi
Chapter 15 Resistance of 10GN2MFA-A Low Alloy Steel to
Stress Corrosion Cracking in High Temperature Water 275
Karel Matocha, Petr Čížek, Ladislav Kander and Petr Pustějovský
Part 3 Component Aging 287
Chapter 16 Aging Evaluation for the Extension of
Qualified Life of Nuclear Power Plant Equipment 289
Pedro Luiz da Cruz Saldanha and Paulo Fernando F. Frutuoso e Melo
Chapter 17 Non-Destructive Testing for
Ageing Management of Nuclear Power Components 311
Gerd Dobmann
Part 4 Plant Operation and Human Factors 339
Chapter 18 Human Aspects of NPP Operator Teamwork 341
Márta Juhász and Juliánna Katalin Soós
Contents VII
Chapter 19 The Human Factors Approaches
to Reduce Human Errors in Nuclear Power Plants 377
Yong-Hee Lee, Jaekyu Park and Tong-Il Jang
Chapter 20 Virtual Control Desks for Nuclear Power Plants 393
Maurício Alves C. Aghina, Antônio Carlos A. Mól,
Carlos Alexandre F. Jorge, André C. do Espírito Santo,
Diogo V. Nomiya, Gerson G. Cunha, Luiz Landau,
Victor Gonçalves G. Freitas and Celso Marcelo F. Lapa
Chapter 21 Risk Assessment in Accident Prevention
Considering Uncertainty and Human Factor Influence 407
Katarína Zánická Hollá
Preface
Due to economic growth and increasing population, energy demands must be satisfied
in a sustainable manner assuring inherent safety, efficiency and minimized
environmental impact. Nuclear power has long posed a dilemma for
environmentalists and scientists alike. On the one hand it is seen as a cheap, clean
energy source whilst on the other some have concerns over its ability to dispose of
radioactive waste. Whichever viewpoint one may assume, nuclear power is at the
forefront of clean energy technology and can be made available on a large scale to
meet energy needs of the rapidly growing world.
Today’s nuclear reactors are safe and highly efficient energy systems that give
electricity and a multitude of co-generation energy products ranging from potable
water to heat for industrial applications. Meanwhile, a catastrophic earthquake and a
tsunami in Japan led to the nuclear accident that forced us to rethink our approach to
nuclear safety and design requirements. It also encouraged the growing of interest for
advanced nuclear energy systems and next generation nuclear reactors, inherently
capable of withstanding natural disasters, avoiding catastrophic consequences and
leaving no environmental impact. Advances in reactor designs, materials and human-
machine interfaces assure safety and reliability of emerging reactor technologies,
eliminating possibilities for high-consequence human error, such as those which have
occurred in the past. New instrumentation and control technologies based in digital
systems, novel sensors and measurement approaches facilitate safety, reliability and
economic competitiveness of nuclear power options.
Autonomous operation scenarios are becoming increasingly popular to consider for
small modular systems designed for remote regions with limited industrial
infrastructure or regions with no such infrastructure but with human population
whose safety, prosperity and growth depend on a reliable energy supply.
This book is one in a series of books on nuclear power published by InTech. It consists
of four major sections and contains twenty-one chapters on topics from key subject
areas pertinent to instrumentation and control, operation reliability, system aging and
human-machine interfaces.The book opens with the section on instrumentation and
control aspects of nuclear power. The following sections and included chapters
address selected issues in reliability and failure mechanisms, component aging, plant
X Preface
operation and human factors. The book shows both advantages and challenges
emphasizing the need for further development and innovation.
With all diversity of topics in 21 chapters, the issues of nuclear power control,
reliability and human factor represent a common thread that is easily identifiable in all
chapters of the book. The “systems thinking” approach allows synthesizing the entire
body of provided information into a consistent integrated picture of the real-life
complex engineering system – nuclear power system – where everything works
together.
The goal of this book and the entire book series on nuclear power is to present nuclear
power to our readers as a promising energy source that has a unique potential to meet
energy demands with minimized environmental impact, near-zero carbon footprint,
and competitive economics via robust potential applications.
The book targets a broad potential readership group - students, researchers and
specialists in the field - who are interested in learning about nuclear power. The idea is
to facilitate intellectual cross-fertilization between field experts and non-field experts
taking advantage of methods and tools developed by both groups. The book will
hopefully inspire future research and development efforts, innovation by stimulating
ideas.
We hope our readers will enjoy the book and will find it both interesting and useful.
Pavel V. Tsvetkov
Department of Nuclear Engineering
Texas A&M University
United States of America
