Table Of ContentNuclear Matter in Different Phases and Transitions
Fundamental Theories of Physics
An International Book Series on The Fundamental Theories of Physics:
Their Clarification, Development and Application
Editor:
ALWYN VAN DER MERWE, University of Denver, U.S.A.
Editorial Advisory Board:
LAWRENCE P. HORWITZ, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
BRIAN D. JOSEPHSON, University of Cambridge, UK.
CLIVE KILMISTER, University of London, UK.
PEKKA J. LAHTI, University of Turku, Finland
GUNTER LUDWIG, Philipps-Universitiit, Marburg, Germany
NATHAN ROSEN, Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
ASHER PERES, Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
EDUARD PRUGOVECKI, University of Toronto, Canada
MENDEL SACHS, State University of New York at Buffalo, US.A.
ABDUS SALAM, International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy
HANS-JURGEN TREDER, Zentralinstitut fur Astrophysik der Akademie der
Wissenschaften, Germany
Volume 95
Nuclear Matter in
Different Phases and
Transitions
Proceedings of the Workshop Nuclear Matter in Dif.ferent
Phases and Transitions, March 31-April 10, 1998,
Les Houches, France
edited by
lean-Paul Blaizot
Service de Physique Theorique,
CEA SACLAY,
Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Xavier Campi
Laboratoire de Physique Theorique et de Modeles Statistiques,
Orsay, France
and
Marek Ploszajczak
Grand Accelerateur National d'[ons Lourds,
Caen, France
....
"
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-94-010-5934-3 ISBN 978-94-011-4556-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4556-5
Printed an acid-free paper
AII Rights Reserved
© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1999
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
CONTENTS
Preface
Section I
Thermal and chemical equilibrium
Probing thermalizing nuclear matter with hard photons
Y. Schutz 3
Hadron multiplicities in high energy e+ e-, pp and pp collisions with a
statistical - thermal model
F. Becattini 19
Phase transitions without thermodynamic limit
D.H.E. Gross 31
The role of statistics and thermodynamics in nuclear multif ragmentation
L.G. Moretto, et al. 43
Hydrodynamic description of very high energy heavy ion collisions
P.V. Ruuskanen 53
Section II
N on-equilibrium dynamics
H adronic transport model with a phase transition
P. Danielewicz, et al. 69
Baryon transport dynamics : from p - p to Pb - Pb collisions
S.E. Vance, et al. 85
Semihard interactions in nuclear collisions based on a unified approach to
high energy scattering
K. Werner, et al. 97
Dynamics of the chiral phase transition
J. Randrup 107
vi
Filamentation instability in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions
St. Mr6wczynski 119
Section III
Phase transitions and the critical behaviour
Critical behaviour in finite temperature QCD
F. Karsch 131
Chaos as a signature of quark - hadron phase transition
R.C.Hwa 147
Universality of the off-equilibrium critical fragmentation
R. Botet 161
Bose-Einstein condensation in trapped atomic gases
Y. Castin 173
Thermodynamics and cluster content of finite excited systems of classical
particles with short and long range interactions
J. Richert, et al. 193
Percolation approach to the liquid gas phase transition - Isospin degree of
freedom
w.
Bauer 203
Critical phenomena in finite systems
A. Bonasera 213
Deuteron versus a-particle condensation and precritical pair fluctuations
in low density nuclear matter
P. Schuck, et al. 223
Section IV
Hadronic matter and the quark - gluon plasma
QCD phases at high density and instantons
E. V. Shuryak 237
vii
Colour deconfinement in high energy collisions
H. Satz 255
The phase transition between the quark-gluon plasma and the hadronic
matter : What can we learn from vector mesons?
C. Gerschel 277
+
Quark gluon plasma in A A collisions at CERN SPS
M. Gazdzicki 293
Chemical equilibrium in ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions
P. Braun-Munzinger 303
Flow phenomena as possible signals of the QCD phase transition
J. Stachel 305
Quark-hadron interactions in nuclear matter : Deconfinement signal
V.D. Toneev, et al. 309
Constraining a simple hadronization model of relativistic heavy-ion
collisions using hadronic observables
T.J. Humanic 321
Probing chiral symmetry restoration with heavy ions
J. Wambach, and R. Rapp 331
Low mass dilepton production at the CERN SPS
A. Drees 347
Strangeness and in-medium effects in heavy-ion collisions at SIS energies
P. Crochet 361
Bose-Einstein condensation in multipion systems
A. Bialas 375
Determination of emission times using two particle correlation
D. Ardouin 385
viii
Section V
M ult ifragmentat ion, liquid - gas phase transition
Boltzmann - Langevin approaches
Ph. Chomaz 399
Liquid-gas phase transition in finite nuclei within fermionic molecular
dynamics
H. Feldmeier, and J. Schnack 411
Multifragmentation - a dynamical or a statistical process?
R. Nebauer, and J. Aichelin 421
Multifragmentation in heavy ion reactions : Dynamical effects and
thermalization
E. Plagnol, et al. 435
The caloric curve of hot nuclei
U. Lynen 451
Critical behavior in nuclear multif ragmentation : A determination of
critical exponents and the scaling function
J.B. Elliott 463
Light particle probes of the dynamical evolution of multif ragmentation
reactions
J. Natowitz, et al. 479
Cluster-cluster collisions : Fusion, phase transition and fragmentation
phenomena
E.E.B. Campbell, et al. 493
On microscopic insights into metal cluster fragmentation
E. Suraud, et al. 511
List of participants
PREFACE
Nuclei in their ground states behave as quantum fluids, Fermi liquids.
When the density, or the temperature of that fluid increases, various phase
transitions may occur. Thus, for moderate excitation energies, of the order
of a few MeV per nucleon, nuclear matter behaves as an ordinary fluid
with gaseous and liquid phases, and a coexistence region below a critical
temperature. For higher excitation energies, of the order of a few Ge V
per nucleon, the composition of nuclear matter changes, nucleons being
gradually turned into baryonic resonances of various kinds. Finally, when
the energy density exceeds some few GeV /fm3, nuclear matter turns into
a gas of weakly interacting quarks and gluons. This new phase of matter
has been called the quark-gluon plasma, and its existence is a prediction of
Quantum Chromodynamics.
Collisions of heavy ions produce nuclear matter with various degrees of
excitation. In fact, by selecting the impact parameter and the bombarding
energy, one can produce nuclear matter with specified baryonic density and
excitation energy. Several major experimental programs are under way (for
instance at GANIL, with the detector INDRA, at GSI with the detector
ALADIN, at the CERN-SPS, at the AGS of Brookhaven, etc.), or are in
preparation (RRIC, LHC, etc.). The goal of these experiments is to get
evidence for the different phases of nuclear matter predicted by the theory,
and to study their properties. However, the transient nature of the states
produced in such collisions, and the complicated environment, make the
interpretation of the data difficult. Is local equilibrium (thermal, chemical)
achieved? And during enough time that one can identify the various phases
of matter expected from theory? And what would be the experimental
signatures that a new phase has indeed be produced? For instance, can we
get signals of quark - gluon plasma formation which cannot be mistaken
with those of hot and dense hadronic matter? What can we learn about the
equation of state of nuclear matter when important non-equilibrium effects
are involved in the collision dynamics?
Such questions were addressed in the International Workshop on N u
clear Matter in Different Phases and Transitions held in Les Houches,
France, from March 31 to April 10, 1998. The aim of this workshop was
to bring together the scientists, both theorists and experimentalists, work
ing on the properties of different phases of nuclear and hadronic matter
produced in heavy-ion collisions in various energy ranges. The main topics
discussed have been grouped into the following sections of the proceedings:
- Thermal and chemical equilibrium
- Non equilibrium dynamics
- Phase transitions, critical behaviour
IX
x
- Hadronic matter, quark-gluon plasma
- Multifragmentation, liquid-gas transition
This grouping is admittedly somewhat arbitrary since many contributions
overlap in their contents with several of these sections.
Much of the discussion focussed on experimental signals revealing the
possible changes of phases of nuclear matter produced in nuclear collisions,
taking into account the finite-size of the systems under study, and the
non-equilibrium features of the observed phenomena. A discussion of phase
transitions in other small quantum systems, such as metallic clusters, or
atomic Bose-Einstein condensates was also presented.
The speakers were invited to review major advances in their field in
a way easily accessible to physicists of different communities than their
own. This required a special effort, for which we want to thank them all,
which contributed to create a unique and stimulating atmosphere during
the workshop. A very fruitful exchange of ideas took place, and we shall all
remember the lively discussions that filled the conference hall and continued
during the coffee breaks, lunches and dinners. Part of the spirit of the
workshop, and its atmosphere, is captured, we believe, in the collection of
original papers contained in this volume.
The workshop succeeded in its original goal of offering to several com
munities of physicists addressing similar physics questions, and using often
analogous techniques an opportunity to meet and discuss their common
problems. It provided a unique opportunity for interaction between ex
perimental and theoretical nuclear physicists, particle physicists, atomic
physicists and condensed matter physicists, all of whom working towards
the common goal of understanding phase transitions and their experimen
tal signals in finite quantum systems. The marvelous environment of the
Physics School at Les Rouches certainly contributed to the success of the
project.
This workshop would not have been possible without the generous sup
port of the Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des
a
Particules, Departement des Sciences de Matiere of the Commissariat
l'Energie Atomique, Delegation Generale pour l'Armement, Direction des
Systemes de Forces et de la Prospective, Service de la Recherche et des
Etudes Amont, laboratory SUBATECH in Nantes and, last but not least,
the Grand Accelerateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL) in Caen. We want
to express our special thanks to GANIL laboratory which was hosting the
secretariat of the workshop and which was providing with the necessary
assistance.
The efforts of many individuals contributed to the success of the work
shop. In particular we wish to express our appreciation to Isabelle Come
for helping in the secretariat before the meeting and to Brigitte Rousset
