Table Of ContentNuclear Matter
and Heavy Ion
Collisions
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Series B: Physics
Nuclear Matter
and Heavy Ion
Collisions
Edited by
Madeleine Soyeur
CEN-Saclay
Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Hubert Flocard
Institute of Nuclear Physics
Orsay, France
Bernard Tamain
Institut des Sciences de la Matiere et du Rayonnement
Caen, France
and
Madeleine Porneuf
CEN-Saclay
Gif-sur-Yvette, France
NASA S &T Library
Washington, DC· 20546
Plenum Press
New York and London
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Nuclear Matter and Heavy Ion Collisions,
held February 7-16, 1989,
In Les Houches, France
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Nuclear Matter and Heavy Ion Collisions
(1989: Les Houches, Haute-Savoie, France)
Nuclear matter and heavy ion collisions I edited by Madeleine Soyeur ...
ret al.].
p. cm.-(NATO ASI series. Series B, Physics; vol. 205)
"Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Nuclear Matter and
Heavy Ion Collisions, held February 7-16, 1989, in Les Houches, France"-T.p.
verso.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-5717-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-5715-5
001: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5715-5
1. Matter, Nuclear-Congresses. 2. Heavy ion collisions-Congresses. I.
Soyeur, Madeleine. II. Title. III. Series: NATO ASI series. Series B, Physics; v. 205.
QC793.3.S8N374 1989 89.;22901
539.7-dc20 CIP
© 1989 Plenum Press, New York
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CENTRE FOR PHYSICS
LES HOUCHES
(FRANCE)
Council Members :
J.J. Payan, President, G. Lespinard, Vice-President,
R. Balian, N. Boccara, C. DeWitt, S. Feneuille, J.P. Hansen,
S. Haroche, J.L. Lacoume, R. Maynard, A. Neveu, A. Omont,
Y. Rocard, R. Romestain, R. Stora, D. Thoulouze,
N. Vinh Mau, G. Weill, J. Zinn-Justin
Director: Nino Boccara, CEN-Saclay
Session: Nuclear Matter and Heavy Ion Collisions
February 7-16, 1989
NATO Advanced Research Workshop
Scientific Director: Madeleine Soyeur, CEN-Saclay
Organizing Committee :
Hubert Flocard, Institute for Nuclear Physics, Orsay
Madeleine Soyeur, Institute for Fundamental Research, Saclay
Bernard Tamain, University of Caen
International Advisory Committee :
Gerald E. Brown (Stony-Brook), Joseph Cugnon (Liege),
Adriano Gobbi (GSI), Rudi Malfiiet (Groningen)
v
PREFACE
The Winter School "Nuclear Matter and Heavy Ion Collisions", a NATO Research
Workshop held at Les Houches in February 89, has been devoted to recent developments
in nuclear matter theory and to the study of central heavy ion collisions in which quasi
macroscopic nuclear systems can be formed at various temperatures and densities. At in
cident energies below 100 Me V per nucleon, the kinematic conditions are favourable for
producing transient hot nuclei with temperatures of the order of a few MeV. At higher ener
gies (100 MeV < E/A < 1-2 GeV) heavy ion collisions offer the possibility of investigating
the properties of hot and dense nuclear systems.
The Workshop has been motivated by important theoretical developments in transport
equations whicll make it possible to relate microscopic descriptions of heavy ion collisions to
nuclear matter theory and by the need to review the large body of data available on heavy ion
collisions and discuss future experimental programs. This discussion was especially timely
a few months before the new SIS/ESR Heavy Ion Fa.cility starts operating in Darmstadt.
The School consisted mostly of series of lectures on nuclear matter, transport equations
and the dynamics of heavy ion collisions. The data and their interpretation were exten
sively discussed; the information carried by the various types of particles emitted during
the collisions (photons, lepton pairs, pions, hons, nucleons, fragments) has been particu
larlyemphasized. Specialized topics were presented as shorter contributions by participants.
Three discussion sessions proved very helpful to summarize the results of the meeting and
to suggest future directions of research.
For this successful Winter School, we thank all the lecturers, the members of the In
ternational Advisory Committee and our sponsors: NATO, the Commission of the Euro
pean Communities, the Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres and the U niversite Scientifique
et Medicale de Grenoble. It is a pleasure to thank also Nicole Leblanc and Anny Glomot
who took care of all practical and administrative problems. The help of Dany Bunel for the
preparation of these Proceedings is very gratefully acknowledged.
Hubert Flocard
Madeleine Soyeur
Bernard Tamajn
vii
CONTENTS
Invited Papers
NUCLEAR MATTER WITH NON-RELATIVISTIC POTENTIALS:
PRESENT STATUS ............................ 1
C. Mahaux and R. Sartor
A RELATIVISTIC THEORY OF NUCLEAR MATTER ........... 37
B.D. Serot
ELEMENTS OF A RELATIVISTIC MICROSCOPIC THEORY OF HADRONIC
MATTER IN EQUILIBRIUM AND NON-EQUILIBRIUM .......... 73
R. MalHiet
HOT NUCLEAR.. MATTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
V.R. Pandharipande and D.G. Ravenhall
INTRODUCTION TO NON-RELATIVISTIC TRANSPORT THEORIES . 133
C. Gregoire
RELATIVISTIC TRANSPORT THEORY OF FLUCTUATING
FIELDS FOR HADRONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · 165
P.J. Siemens
PION ABSORPTION IN NUCLEI .... 167
M. Thies
FORMATION AND DECAY OF HOT NUCLEI: THE EXPERIMENTAL
SITUATION ............ . · 187
D. Guerreau
MULTIFRAGMENTATION OF NUCLEI · 231
C. Ngo
NUCLEAR MATTER AND FRAGMENTING NUCLEI · 267
J.P. Bondorf and K. Sneppen
COLLECTIVE PHENOMENA IN RELATIVISTIC HEAVY ION
COLLISIONS: THE EXPERIMENTAL SITUATION ....... 287
K.H. Kampert
ix
INCLUSIVE EXPERIMENTS, CORRELATIONS AND PION
PRODUCTION DATA ................. ........ 323
D. L'Hote
CONFRONTATION OF THEORETICAL APPROACHES AND
EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON HIGH ENERGY HEAVY ION COLLISIONS . . . 343
M. Berenguer, C. Hartnack, G. Peilert, A. Rosenhauer,
W. Schmidt, J. Aichelin, J.A. Maruhn, W. Greiner
and H. Stocker
MOMENTUM DEPENDENT MEAN FIELDS IN THE BUU MODEL OF HEAVY
ION COLLISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
G.M. Welke
HARD PHOTONS AND SUBTHRESHOLD MESONS FROM NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS
COLLISIONS · 405
E. Grosse
MEASUREMENTS OF e+e- PAIR PRODUCTION AT THE BEVALAC . 417
J. Carroll
STATUS OF THE SIS/ESR-PROJECT AT GSI ............... 429
P. Kienle
Contributed Papers
HEAVY IONS AT SATURNE ... 443
J. Arvieux
PION POLARISATIONS IN THE RELATIVISTIC DIRAC-BRUECKNER
MODEL · 447
F. de Jong, B. ter Haar and R. Malfliet
CUT-OFF AND EFFECTIVE MESON FIELD THEORY · 451
M. Jaminon, G. Ripka and P. Stassart
A NON-PERTURBATIVE TRANSPORT THEORY FOR NUCLEAR
COLLECTIVE MOTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 453
H. Hofmann
TIMESCALE OF PARTICLE EMISSION USING NUCLEAR
INTERFEROMETRY ....... 457
D. Ardouin, P. Lautridou, D. Durand, D. Goujdami,
F. Guilbault, C. Lebrun, A. Peghaire, J. Quebert and
F. Saint-Laurent
DETERMINATION OF TIME SCALES IN INTERMEDIATE
ENERGY REACTIONS ......... 461
U. Lynen
x
FRAGMENT PRODUCTION AND NUCLEAR FREEZEOUT . . . . 465
W.G. Lynch
A EXCITATION IN NUCLEI BY HEAVY ION CHARGE-EXCHANGE
REACTIONS .......................... ... 469
M. Roy-Stephan
MOMENTUM DEPENDENT POTENTIALS IN RELATIVISTIC HEAVY
ION COLLISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 471
V. Koch
CLASSICAL MODELS OF HEAVY ION COLLISIONS · 475
T.J. Schlagel
RELATIVISTIC MOLECULAR DYNAMICS AND THE RELATIVISTIC
VLASOV EQUATION ........................ .. 477
M. Schonhofen, H. Feldmeier and M. Cubero
STABILITY CONDITIONS AND VIBRATION MODES OF
SELF-CONSISTENT VLASOV SOLUTIONS WITH DIFFUSE
SURFACE ...... 481
S.J. Lee, E.D. Cooper, H.H. Gan and S. Das Gupta
SIDEWARD FLOW OF CHARGED PARTICLES AND NEUTRONS
IN HEAVY ION COLLISIONS ...... 483
D. Keane, B.D. Anderson, A.R. Baldwin, D. Beavis,
S.Y. Chu, S.Y. Fung, M. Elaasar, G. Krebs, Y.M. Liu,
R. Madey, J. Schambach, G. VanDalen, M. Vient,
S. Wang, J.W. Watson, G.D. Westfall, H. Wieman
and W.M. Zhang
DILEPTON RADIATION FROM HOT NUCLEAR MATTER AND
NUCLEON-NUCLEON COLLISIONS ................... 487
C. Gale
KAON AND PION PRODUCTION IN THE REACTION SILICON
(14.5 AGeV) ON GOLD · 491
H. Sorge
Participants · 495
Index · 499
xi
NUCLEAR MA TIER WITH NONRELATIVISTIC POTENTIALS :
PRESENT STATUS
C. Mahaux and R. Sartor
Institut de Physique B5, Universite de Liege
4000 Liege 1, Belgium
1. INTRODUCTION
The main purpose of these lectures is twofold. Firstly, we describe theoretical me
thods that have been devised to study the properties of nuclear matter, with particular em
phasis on the ground state energy and on rearrangements of the perturbation expansion in
powers of the strength of the nucleon-nucleon interaction. Secondly, we critically survey
numerical results which have been published during the last few years.
Our presentation is as follows. In Sec. 2, we define nuclear matter, enumerate some
of its empirical properties and specify the basic assumptions of the theoretical model. Sec
tion 3 is devoted to the various methods than can be used to calculate the quantities of inte
rest, in particular the average binding energy per nucleon. In the subsequent sections, we
focus on the perturbation expansion in powers of the strength of the nucleon-nucleon inter
action. The flrst order term of this expansion is called the Hartree-Fock approximation; it is
discussed in Sec. 4. Section 5 is devoted to the second and third order terms, with emphasis
on their physical interpretation. The ladder summation that leads to the Brueckner reaction
matrix is described in Sec. 6, where the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approximation is introdu
ced. This approximation involves an "auxiliary" potential energy U(k) , attached to a nuc
leon with momentum k. One usually tries to choose U(k) in such a way as to optimize the
accuracy of the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approximation. Many debates concern the "best"
choice of U(k). In the "standard choice", U(k) is large and attractive for k smaller than
the Fermi momentum kF but is set equal to zero when k is larger than kF; U (k) then
has a large discontinuity at kF. Numerical results derived from this "standard" Brueckner
Hartree-Fock approximation are presented in Sec. 7. Higher order terms of the standard
Brueckner expansion are discussed in Sec. 8. Section 9 describes results obtained from the
so-called "continuous choice" of U(k) , which is characterized by the fact that U (k) is
calculated self-consistently for all values of k. Another choice, recently advocated by Kuo
and collaborators, is discussed in Sec. 10. Finally, Sec. 11 contains our conclusions.
