Nuclear Hydrogen Production Handbook (Green Chemistry and Chemical Engineering)

898 Pages·2011·0.55 MB·English

by  Xing L. Yan

ChemICAl engIneeRIng yan Green Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
Hino
Nuclear HydrogeN ProductioN
H a N d b o o k
“The fact that nuclear hydrogen production is now almost reality is not widely known. This
handbook gives us the most thorough review of the state of art of nuclear hydrogen, which could
be used not only for scientific and technological communities, but for the potential users to assess
its reality.”
—Dr. Toru Ogawa, Japan Atomic Energy Agency
Nuclear
H P N
“…this book is exceptional as a textbook or primer guide for professional researchers.” r
u
—Dr. Yoshimi Okada, Chiyoda Corporation a
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HydrogeN
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Written by two leading researchers from the world-renowned Japan Atomic Energy Agency, the N d
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Nuclear Hydrogen Production Handbook is an unrivalled overview of current and future pros-
pects for the effective production of hydrogen via nuclear energy. Combining information from u e
d ProductioN
scholarly analyses, industrial data, references, and other resources, this handbook illustrates hydro- a
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gen’s versatility and potential both as a clean, sustainable energy carrier (e.g., fuel for vehicles and
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power generators) and feedstock material for industry (agriculture, oil, chemical, and steel, etc.). b
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Packed with details about the science, engineering, and production involved in nuclear hydrogen H a N d b o o k
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generation, this handbook presents: o
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• Research results of hydrogen development programs sponsored by Japan, Argentina, y
China, Korea, the US and the EU, among others o N
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• Operational developments at major nuclear reactors
• Cutting-edge hydrogen production systems and methods, including high-temperature edited by
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electrolysis of steam and biomass gasification
Xing l. yan
• Applications such as heat- and corrosion-resistant materials, chemical reactors, heat o
exchangers, and thermochemical iodine–sulfur process construction and operations
ryutaro Hino
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• Integrated process designs (including thermochemical and hybrid methods)
• Practical approaches to nuclear hydrogen plant facility management and safety
e
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Far exceeding the limited introductory detail offered in other books on the topic, this book offers
an all-encompassing international perspective on nuclear hydrogen production. Addressing a wide

range of pertinent technologies, scientific trends, and technical details, this resource will be a useful
tool for readers at all levels of understanding.
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Nuclear
Hydrogen
Production
H a n d b o o k
Green Chemistry and ChemiCaL enGineerinG
series editor: sunggyu Lee
Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Proton exchange membrane Fuel Cells: Contamination and mitigation strategies
Hui Li, Shanna Knights, Zheng Shi, John W. Van Zee, and Jiujun Zhang
Proton exchange membrane Fuel Cells: materials Properties and Performance
David P. Wilkinson, Jiujun Zhang, Rob Hui, Jeffrey Fergus, and Xianguo Li
solid Oxide Fuel Cells: materials Properties and Performance
Jeffrey Fergus, Rob Hui, Xianguo Li, David P. Wilkinson, and Jiujun Zhang
efficiency and sustainability in the energy and Chemical industries:
scientific Principles and Case studies, second edition
Krishnan Sankaranarayanan, Jakob de Swaan Arons, and Hedzer van der Kooi
nuclear hydrogen Production handbook
Xing L. Yan and Ryutaro Hino
Nuclear
Hydrogen
Production
H a n d b o o k
Edited by
Xing L. Yan
Ryutaro Hino
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
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Contents
Foreword .........................................................................................................................................ix
Preface ..............................................................................................................................................xi
Editors ...........................................................................................................................................xiii
Contributors ...................................................................................................................................xv
Section I Hydrogen and Its Production from Nuclear Energy
1. The Role of Hydrogen in the World Economy ..................................................................3
Ryutaro Hino, Kazuaki Matsui, and Xing L. Yan
2. Nuclear Hydrogen Production: An Overview ................................................................47
Xing L. Yan, Satoshi Konishi, Masao Hori, and Ryutaro Hino
Section II Hydrogen Production Methods
3. Water Electrolysis .................................................................................................................83
Seiji Kasahara
4. Steam Electrolysis .................................................................................................................99
Ryutaro Hino, Kazuya Yamada, and Shigeo Kasai
5. Thermochemical Decomposition of Water ....................................................................117
Seiji Kasahara and Kaoru Onuki
6. Conversion of Hydrocarbons ...........................................................................................155
Karl Verfondern and Yoshiyuki Inagaki
7. Biomass Method .................................................................................................................165
Jun-ichiro Hayashi
8. Radiolysis of Water ............................................................................................................177
Ryuji Nagaishi and Yuta Kumagai
Section III Nuclear Hydrogen Production Systems
9. Water Reactor .......................................................................................................................191
Charles W. Forsberg, Kazuyuki Takase, and Toru Nakatsuka
© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC vii
viii Contents
10. High-Temperature Gas Reactor .......................................................................................211
Xing L. Yan, Ryutaro Hino, and Kazutaka Ohashi
11. Sodium Fast Reactor ...........................................................................................................293
Takamichi Iwamura and Yoshiyuki Inagaki
12. Gas Fast Reactor ..................................................................................................................317
Yoshiyuki Inagaki and Takamichi Iwamura
13. Fluoride Salt Advanced High-Temperature Reactor ...................................................329
Per F. Peterson and Edward D. Blandford
14. STAR-H2: A Pb-Cooled, Long Refueling Interval Reactor for
Hydrogen Production ........................................................................................................347
David C. Wade
15. Fusion Reactor Hydrogen Production ............................................................................377
Yican Wu and Hongli Chen
Section IV Applied Science and Technology
16. High-Temperature Electrolysis of Steam .......................................................................417
James E. O’Brien, Carl M. Stoots, and J. Stephen Herring
17. Thermochemical Iodine–Sulfur Process .......................................................................461
Kaoru Onuki, Shinji Kubo, Nobuyuki Tanaka, and Seiji Kasahara
18. The Hybrid Sulfur Cycle ...................................................................................................499
Maximilian B. Gorensek and William A. Summers
19. Nuclear Coal Gasification .................................................................................................547
Karl Verfondern
20. Nuclear Steam Reforming of Methane ..........................................................................555
Yoshiyuki Inagaki and Karl Verfondern
21. Hydrogen Plant Construction and Process Materials .................................................571
Shinji Kubo and Hiroyuki Sato
22. Nuclear Hydrogen Production Process Reactors ..........................................................603
Atsuhiko Terada and Hiroaki Takegami
23. Nuclear Hydrogen Production Plant Safety ..................................................................639
Tetsuo Nishihara, Yujiro Tazawa, and Yoshiyuki Inagaki
24. Nuclear Hydrogen Plant Operations and Products .....................................................661
Hiroyuki Sato and Hirofumi Ohashi
© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents ix
25. Licensing Framework for Nuclear Hydrogen Production Plant ...............................679
Yujiro Tazawa
Section V Worldwide Research and Development
26. Hydrogen Production and Applications Program in Argentina ..............................695
Ana E. Bohé and Horacio E.P. Nassini
27. Nuclear Hydrogen Production Development in China ..............................................725
Jingming Xu, Ping Zhang, and Bo Yu
28. European Union Activities on Using Nuclear Power for Hydrogen Production ....739
Karl Verfondern
29. HTTR-IS Nuclear Hydrogen Demonstration Program in Japan ..............................751
Nariaki Sakaba, Hirofumi Ohashi, and Hiroyuki Sato
30. Nuclear Hydrogen Project in Korea ................................................................................767
Won Jae Lee
31. NGNP and NHI Programs of the U.S. Department of Energy .................................777
Matt Richards and Robert Buckingham
32. International Development of Fusion Energy ..............................................................795
Satoshi Konishi
Section VI Appendices
Appendix A: Chemical, Thermodynamic, and Transport Properties of Pure
Compounds and Solutions .......................................................................................................801
Seiji Kasahara
Appendix B: Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Coolants for
Nuclear Reactors Considered for Hydrogen Production ...................................................837
Seiji Kasahara
© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Foreword
Two enabling technologies for nuclear hydrogen production existed as early as the 1950s.
Soon after President Dwight D. Eisenhower of the United States of America spoke about the
Atoms for Peace plan to the United Nations General Assembly in 1953, ground was broken for
the construction of Shippingport, the first large-scale nuclear power generating plant in the
world. The light water reactor went online in 1957, and hundreds more civilian reactors were
to follow. At the time electrolysis had been in practice for decades. However, direct combina-
tion of the two able to mass produce hydrogen (a manufacturing material in high demand)
was not sought after in the market because of plentiful and more affordable oil and natural
gas (the hydrocarbon fuels), off which hydrogen can be stripped via a chemical route.
Today, the world demand for the fossil fuels has risen fourfold and the price for them
more than doubled. Their proven reserves are estimated to run dry in another 40 and
60 years for oil and natural gas, respectively, at current paces of use. On the day of my writ-
ing this foreword, the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP15) gathered 192
nations in Copenhagen, Denmark for negotiation of an international agreement to limit
air-borne emission of climate-altering carbon dioxide gas, a product of fossil fuel con-
sumption. Many came to this meeting with a pledge of deep emission cuts by 2020 includ-
ing 17% below the 2006 national level in the United States, 25% in Japan and Russia, and
30% in the European Union below the 1990 levels. The threat of climate change is too great
to people all around the world and a global accord to mitigate it is imperative.
The Japan Atomic Energy Agency has recently formulated a Nuclear Energy Vision 2100
that proposes how nuclear energy may contribute to a low-carbon society. Relying on a sus-
tainable mix of fast and thermal neutron spectrum fission reactors and future magnetic
inertial fusion reactors, our Vision seeks, together with renewable energy and energy effi-
ciency saving, to reduce carbon emission by 25% and 90% below the 1990 level in the coming
decade and by the end of the century, respectively, in Japan (our nation is now 16% above that
level). In particular, nuclear hydrogen is called upon to replace the majority of fossil fuels
used today in the transportation sector through fuel cell engines and in the manufacturing
sector through alternative industrial processes such as direct hydrogen reduction of iron
ore for steelmaking. In my official capacities in JAEA and AESJ, I am advised by scientists,
notably Dr. Xing Yan and Dr. Ryutaro Hino who have over 50 years of collective experience,
in the field.
I find that scientists here and abroad have invented more technologies to produce nuclear
hydrogen since the dawn of peacetime atomic energy. Besides electrolysis, there are ther-
mochemical, hybrid chemical, thermal reforming, and radiolysis methods combined with
several designs of nuclear reactors and systems and with minimal or zero carbon emis-
sion. The details of the sciences, engineering, and production applications of these tech-
nologies are included in the Nuclear Hydrogen Production Handbook. Through development,
in which significant public and private interests are currently engaged, these technologies
are expected to be put to wide uses, to serve humanity in a low-carbon world.
Dr. Hideaki Yokomizo
Executive Director, Japan Atomic Energy Agency
President, Atomic Energy Society of Japan
© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC xi