Nuclear- and Radiochemistry, Volume 2: Modern Applications

656 Pages·2022·13.019 MB·English

by  Frank Rösch

FrankRösch(Ed.)
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Nuclear- and
Radiochemistry
Volume 2: Modern Applications
Edited by
Frank Rösch
2nd, extended edition
Editor
Prof.Dr.FrankRösch
InstituteofNuclearChemistry
JohannesGutenbergUniversityMainz
Fritz-Strassmann-Weg2
55128Mainz,Germany
E-mail:[email protected]
ISBN978-3-11-074267-1
e-ISBN978-3-11-074270-1
e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-074279-4
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2022938896
BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutscheNationalbibliothek
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Preface
Veryshortlyafterthediscoveryof“radioactivity”,andmainlybecauseoftheimpact
thenewlydiscoveredradioelementsradiumandpoloniumhadonnaturalsciences
atthebeginningofthe20thcentury,MarieCurie,PierreCurieandErnestRutherford
individually published the first books about radioactivity. In the preface to a book
summarizinghis lectures(CurieP. Œuvres dePierre Curie.Publiéspar lessoins dela
Sociétéfrançaisedephysique.Paris:Gauthier–Villars;1908,publishedposthumously),
PierreCurienoted
[…]thatradioactivity,althoughmainlyconnectedtophysicsandchemistry,isnotaliento
otherareasofscienceandisgainingthereincreasingimportance.Thephenomenaofradioac-
tivityaresomanifold,itsoccurrenceasmiscellaneousandasprevalentintheuniverse,thatit
mustbeconsideredinallbranchesofnaturalscience,andinparticularinphysiology,ther-
apy,meteorologyandgeology.
Morethanacenturylater,thispredictionandvisiondefinitelyhasbecometrue!Ra-
diationemitted fromnaturally occurring ormanmade unstable radionuclides,rou-
tinelyproducedatlargescale,hasbecomeavitalandinmanycasesindispensable
toolinresearchanddevelopment,intechnology,inindustryandinmedicine.
Thistextbook isentitled NUCLEAR-ANDRADIOCHEMISTRY, VOLUME2:MOD-
ERN APPLICATIONS and illustrates the most important directions; structured into
several groups. The first group involves three chapters on material and geological
analytics(neutronactivationanalyses,nuclearmassspectroscopy,andnucleardat-
ing).Thesecondgroupcoversfourchaptersonchemistry(radioelementspeciation,
radiochemicalseparations,radioactiveelements).Thethirdgroupisonnuclearen-
ergyandnuclearenergyplants.Groupfourinthreechapterscoversapplicationsof
radioactivityinlifesciences(tritiumandcarbon-14labelingforinvitrostudies,mo-
leculardiagnosticimaginginvivo,andendo-radiationtherapy).
Theapplicationofradioactivityforvariouspurposesisparalleledbytheuseofan
impressive number of differentradionuclideswith– in many cases – extraordinarily
highradioactivity,eitheraddressingtheirproduction,separation,analyticsorapplica-
tions. Consequently, there isanurgent demandfor adequate radiation measurement
andforunderstandingbiologicaleffectsofradiation,ultimatelyexpressedintermsof
radiation doses delivered to personnel and patients. Thus, the book starts with one
furthergroup of twoindividualchapters on radiationmeasurementand radiation
dosimetry.
Alltheimplementationsofradioactivitytodayrepresenttheessentialimpactra-
dioactivityhasonsomanyimportantfields.Nuclearpower,radioisotopeproduction,
diagnosticandtherapeuticuseofradiopharmaceuticalshaveinmanycasesbecome
everydayroutineandareindispensable.Radioanalyticaltechnologiesoccupyaunique
position at the final frontier of low-sensitivity elemental, material, geological, and
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110742701-202
VI Preface
astrophysical investigations. Onemay argue that there is no longera field of “radio-
chemistry”or“nuclearchemistry”butradio-andnuclear“chemistries”.
Consequently,animpressiveandsteadilyincreasingnumberofchemists,physi-
cists, physicians, technologists, radiation safety personnel, and manyother profes-
sionalsarehandlingavarietyofradionuclidesforverydifferentpurposes.Thisisthe
reasonIbelievethatthepresentteachingbookmayserveasasourceformanypeo-
ple–andforstudentsinterestedinthefascinatingtopicof“modernapplications”of
radioactivity!
This VOLUME2:MODERN APPLICATIONS completes the teaching book on NU-
CLEAR-AND RADIOCHEMISTRY, withVOLUME 1:INTRODUCTION published byDe
Gruyterin2014.Alsoin13chapters,Volume1discussedtheatom’sstructure,binding
energiesand shellstructuresofnucleons, conceptand mathematicsofunstablenu-
clei,primarytransformations(α,β,spontaneousfission),secondarytransformations
andpost-effects,and,finally,nuclearreactionsasrelatedtoradionuclideproduction.
ThereaderofthepresentvolumeisreferredtoVolume1forunderstandingthephe-
nomena of radioactivity, in particular the origin of radioactive emissions, which in
turnconstitutethebasictoolforMODERNAPPLICATIONSofradioactivity…
Modern methods and applications of radio- and nuclear chemistry are ex-
tremely versatile and thus each field deserves special attention. For me it is there-
foreobviousthat(incontrasttoearliertextbooksonradio-andnuclearchemistry)
thecomplexmattercannot becoveredadequatelybya singleauthor.Instead,itis
the philosophy of this textbook that the 13 chapters are written by experts in each
particularfield.Fortunately,notall,butthevastmajorityoftheseauthorshaveone
thingincommon:theyare(forchapters3,7,9,and11)orwere(chapters6,10,and
11)staffmembersorPhDstudentsorare(forchapters4and5)long-timecollabora-
tors of my institute, the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry of the Johannes Gutenberg
University, Mainz, Germany.I am extremely gratefulto allauthors for theircontri-
butionsandpatience.
Vichuquen,November2015|Mainz,July2016
FrankRösch
Preface for the 2nd edition
Nuclear and Radiochemistry is, compared to the many other chemistries, a rela-
tivelyyoungbranchofthisfascinatingscience.WhenhistoricallyreferredtoMarie
Curiésidentificationofradiumandthewordingradioactivityasintroducedbyher,
nuclear and radiochemistry is about 120 years old (or young, if you wish). Within
this period, significant knowledge has been gained and since the first edition of
this teaching book, no fundamental changes occurred in respect to the basic con-
tentofunstablenucleiandtheirtransformations.
Incontrast,themanyapplicationsofradioactivityandunstablenucleiarecon-
tinuously increasing – this is permanent “work in progress”. Accordingly, this 2nd
edition represents an extended version of many chapters. Several corrections have
beenmadeaswell.Iamgratefultoallthestudentsandcolleagueswhoaddedvalu-
ablecomments.
Vichuquen,December2021|Berlin,March2022
FrankRösch
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110742701-203

Contents
Preface V
Prefaceforthe2ndedition VII
Listofcontributingauhtors XI
AlbertoDelGuerraandDanielePanetta
1 Radiationmeasurement 1
WernerRühm
2 Radiationdosimetry 45
KlausEberhardt
3 Elementalanalysisbyneutronactivation:NAA 77
KlausWendt
4 Radioisotopemassspectrometry 101
HeinzGäggelerandSönkeSzidat
5 Nucleardating 137
ClemensWaltherandMichaelSteppert
6 Chemicalspeciationofradionuclidesinsolution 175
NorbertTrautmann,SteffenHappelandFrankRoesch
7 Radiochemicalseparations 225
NormanM.EdelsteinandLesterR.Morss
8 Radioelements:Actinides 287
ChristophE.Düllmann
9 Radioelements:Transactinides 327
GertLangrockandPeterZeh
10 Nuclearenergy 369
ThomasMoenius
11 Lifesciences:Isotopelabelingwithtritiumandcarbon-14 433
X Contents
TobiasL.RossandFrankRoesch
12 Lifesciences:Nuclearmedicinediagnosis 471
CathyS.Cutler
13 Lifesciences:Therapy 561
Symbolsandabbreviations 613
Index 625