Novel Biotechnologies for Biocontrol Agent Enhancement and Management (NATO Security through Science Series NATO Security through Science Series A: Chemistry and Biology)

369 Pages·2007·9.29 MB·English

by  Maurizio Vurro (Editor)

Novel Biotechnologies for Biocontrol Agent
Enhancement and Management
NATO Security through Science Series
This Series presents the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO
ProgrammeforSecuritythroughScience(STS)
MeetingssupportedbytheNATOSTSProgrammeareinsecurity-relatedpriorityareasof
DefenceAgainstTerrorismorCounteringOtherThreatstoSecurity.Thetypesofmeeting
supported are generally “Advanced Study Institute” and “Advanced Research
Workshops”.TheNATOSTSSeriescollectstogethertheresultsofthesemeetings.The
meetingsareco-organizedbyscientistfromNATOcountriesandscientistsfromNATO’s
“Partner”or“MediterraneanDialogue”countries.Theobservationsandrecommendations
madeatthemeetings,aswellasthecontentsofthevolumesintheSeries,reflectthose
ofparticipantsandcontributorsonly;theyshouldnotnecessarilyberegardedasreflecting
NATOviewsorpolicy.
Advanced Study Institutes (ASI) are high-level tutorial courses to convey the latest
developmentsinasubjecttoanadvanced-levelaudience
Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but
informal exchange of views at the frontiers of a subject aims at identifying directions for
futureactions
Followingatransformationoftheprogrammein2004theSerieshasbeenre-namedand
re-organised.Recentvolumesontopicsnotrelatedtosecurity,whichresultfrommeetings
supportedundertheprogrammeearlier,maybefoundintheNATOScienceSeries.
TheSeriesispublishedbyIOSPress,Amsterdam,andSpringer,Dordrecht,inconjunction
withtheNATOPublicDiplomacyDivision.
Sub-Series
A. ChemistryandBiology Springer
B. PhysicsandBiophysics Springer
C.EnvironmentalSecurity Springer
D. InformationandCommunicationSecurity IOSPress
E. HumanandSocietalDynamics IOSPress
http://www.nato.int/science
http://www.springer.com
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SeriesA:ChemistryandBiology
Novel Biotechnologies for
Biocontrol Agent Enhancement
and Management
editedby
Maurizio Vurro
ConsiglioNazionaledelleRicerche,Bari,Italy
and
Jonathan Gressel
WeizmannInstituteofScience,Rehovot,Israel
PublishedincooperationwithNATOPublicDiplomacyDivision
ProceedingsoftheNATOAdvancedStudyInstituteon
NovelBiotechnologiesforBiocontrolAgentEnhancementandManagement
heldinGualdoTadino,Italy
8–19September2006
AC.I.P.CataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress.
ISBN-10 1-4020-5798-9(PB)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-5798-4(PB)
ISBN-10 1-4020-5797-0(HB)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-5797-7(HB)
ISBN-10 1-4020-5799-7(e-book)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-5799-1(e-book)
PublishedbySpringer,
P.O.Box17,3300AADordrecht,TheNetherlands.
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(cid:2)C 2007Springer
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CONTENTS
Preface ix
1. BiotechnologyinCropProtection:TowardsSustainable
InsectControl 1
MartinG.EdwardsandAngharadM.R.Gatehouse
2. BacteriaasBiologicalControlAgentsforInsects:Economics,
Engineering,andEnvironmentalSafety 25
BrianA.Federici
3. BenefitsandRisksofUsingFungalToxinsinBiological
Control 53
MaurizioVurro
4. BiocontrolofWeedswithAllelopathy:Conventional
andTransgenicApproaches 75
StephenO.Duke,ScottR.Baerson,AgnesM.Rimando,
ZhiqiangPan,FranckE.Dayan,andReginaG.Belz
5. Selecting,Monitoring,andEnhancingthePerformanceof
BacterialBiocontrolAgents:Principles,Pitfalls,andProgress 87
LindaS.Thomashow,DavidM.Weller,OlgaV.Mavrodi,
andDmitriV.Mavrodi
6. ExploitingtheInteractionsbetweenFungalAntagonists,
PathogensandthePlantforBiocontrol 107
SheridanL.WooandMatteoLorito
7. TheMechanismsandApplicationsofSymbiotic
OpportunisticPlantSymbionts 131
GaryE.HarmanandMichalShoresh
8. UsingStrainsofFusariumoxysporumtoControlFusarium
Wilts:DreamorReality? 157
ClaudeAlabouvette,ChantalOlivain,FlorianeL’Haridon,
Se´bastienAime´,andChristianSteinberg
v
vi CONTENTS
9. MetarhiziumanisopliaeasaModelforStudying
BioinsecticidalHostPathogenInteractions 179
RaymondJ.St.Leger
10. Sclerotiniaminor—BiocontrolTargetorAgent? 205
AlanWatson
11. Fusariumoxysporumf.sp.striga,AthletesFoot
orAchillesHeel? 213
AlanWatson,JonathanGressel,DavidSands,StevenHallett,
MaurizioVurro,andFentonBeed
12. ControlofSclerotialPathogenswiththeMycoparasite
Coniothyriumminitans 223
JohnM.Whipps,AmandaBennett,MikeChallen,John
Clarkson,EmmaCoventry,S.Muthumeenakshi,RalphNoble,
ChrisRogers,S.Sreenivasaprasad,andE.EirianJones
13. BiologicalControlsandthePotentialofBiotechnological
ControlsforVertebratePestSpecies 243
PeterKerr
14. GeneticallyEnhancingtheEfficacyofPlantPathogens
forControlofWeeds 267
BrianM.Thompson,MatthewM.Kirkpatrick,DavidC.
Sands,andAliceL.Pilgeram
15. InteractionsofSyntheticHerbicideswithPlantDisease
andMicrobialHerbicides 277
StephenO.Duke,DavidE.Wedge,AntonioL.Cerdeira,and
MarcusB.Matallo
16. ApproachestoandSuccessesinDevelopingTransgenically
EnhancedMycoherbicides 297
JonathanGressel,SagitMeir,YoavHerschkovitz,Hani
Al-Ahmad,InbarGreenspoon,OlubukolaBabalola,andZiva
Amsellem
17. FunctionalGenomics:FunctionalReconstitutionof
PortionsoftheProteomeinInsectCell-Lines:Protein
ProductionandFunctionalGenomicsinCell-lines 307
ThomasA.GrigliattiandTomA.Pfeifer
CONTENTS vii
18. TAC–TICS:Transposon-BasedBiologicalPest
ManagementSystems 327
ThomasA.Grigliatti,GeraldMeister,andTomA.Pfeifer
19. FailsafeMechanismsforPreventingGeneFlowand
OrganismDispersalofEnhancedMicrobialBiocontrol
Agents 353
JonathanGressel
Epilogue—GettingfromHeretoEternity 363
DavidSands
Index 365
PREFACE
The intent of the NATO Advanced Study Institute (ASI) entitled “Novel
Biotechnologies for Biocontrol Agent Enhancement and Management” was
to permit the meeting of the major exponents in the scientific community
working with enhancing different biological control agents (fungi, bacteria,
virus,nematodes,andinsects)ondifferenttargets(pathogens,insects,weeds,
androdents).Thismultidisciplinarygroup,havingbackgroundsinthediffer-
ent aspects of biotechnologies (transgenic enhancement, molecular biology,
formulation, genetics, risk assessment, new technology, biochemistry, and
physiology), presented highly advanced lectures during the 10-day-ASI, in
ordertoallowstudentstoimprovetheircapabilitytoenhanceandmanagebi-
ologicalcontrolagents.ThisapproachwillallowASIattendeestobringnew
ideas,newapproaches,ornewmethodologiescomingfromdifferentfieldsof
applicationtotheirownfieldofexpertise.
A further aim of the NATO ASI was to create a network of young and
experiencedscientists,withfewgeographicalbarriersamongcountries,who
will develop new opportunities to collaborate in this field of science that
requiresa“global”collaborativeapproach.
FortystudentsfromtwentycountriestookparttotheNATOASI.
In addition to the 45 lectures from the 15 lecturers, there were 25 short
presentations and 8 posters on cogent research from students in this course,
heldbetweenSeptember8-2006andSeptember19,2006.Thisbookrepre-
sentsapartialdistillationofallthismaterialtogetherwiththedailyworkshops
on various topics, and long discussions over the excellent meals and breaks,
intheveryconduciveenvironmentoftheBorgoHotelLeTerredelVerdeat
GualdoTadinonearPerugia,inItaly.
The editors especially appreciated the efforts of the anonymous peer re-
viewerswhoexpeditiouslyreviewedthechaptersofthisbook.
This workshop could not have been possible without the financial assis-
tance of NATO and Valent BioSciences, as well as the lecturers who con-
tributed their time, and in most instances their travel expenses, to assist in
allowingthemaximumsupportofstudents.Totheseallwehavemanythanks,
alongwiththeknowledgeandcollaborationsengenderedbythisworkshop.
MaurizioVurroandJonathanGressel
Codirectors
October2006
ix
1. BIOTECHNOLOGYINCROPPROTECTION:TOWARDS
SUSTAINABLEINSECTCONTROL
∗
MartinG.EdwardsandAngharadM.R.Gatehouse
InstituteforResearchonEnvironmentandSustainability,Divisionof
Biology,DevonshireBuilding,NewcastleUniversity,NewcastleuponTyne,
NE17RU,UK
Abstract. Withaprojectedincreaseinworldpopulationto10billionoverthe
nextfourdecades,animmediatepriorityforagricultureistoachievemaximum
productionoffoodandotherproductsinamannerthatisenvironmentallysus-
tainableandcosteffective.Whilstinsecticidesareveryeffectiveincombating
theimmediateproblemofinsectattackoncrops,nonspecificinsecticidesare
harmfultobeneficialorganismsincludingpredatorsandparasitoidsofthetar-
getpestspecies.Theconceptofutilizingatransgenicapproachtohostplant
resistance was realized in the mid 1990s with the commercial introduction
oftransgenicmaize,potatoandcottonplantsexpressinggenesencodingthe
entomocidal δ-endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Other strategies
basedontheuseofplant-derivedgenes(enzymeinhibitors,lectins)andthose
from animal sources, including insects (biotin-binding proteins, neurohor-
mones,enzymeinhibitors),arecurrentlybeingdeveloped.Theuseoffusion
proteinstoincreasethespectrumanddurabilityofresistanceisalsoactively
being pursued. Biotechnology in crop protection is not restricted to produc-
tionoftransgeniccrops,andhasbeenextendedtoincludethemodificationof
baculoviruses for increased efficacy as biopesticides, and arthropod natural
enemies(predatorsandparasitoids)toenhancetheircapacitytocontrolinsect
pests, this chapter will only consider the benefits and risks of its role in the
contextofinsect-resistanttransgeniccrops.
Keywords: sustainability,insect-resistanttransgeniccrops,insectresistance
genes,insecticidalproteins,fusionproteins,pests,naturalenemies
1.1. Introduction
1.1.1. NEEDFORSUSTAINABLEAGRICULTURE
The dawn of agriculture occurred some 10,000 years ago with the domes-
tication of cereals, soon to be followed by other crops (Table I). This step
∗Towhomcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressed,e-mail:[email protected]
1
M.VurroandJ.Gressel(eds.),NovelBiotechnologiesforBiocontrolAgentEnhancementandManagement,1–23.
(cid:3)C 2007Springer.