Notes on calliphorid flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve and their impact on man and animals

2004·3.1 MB·

by  Shuvra Kanti Sinha

Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 101 (3), Sep-Dec 2004 415-420
NOTES ON CALLIPHORID FLIES (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE)
FROM SUNDARBANS BIOSPHERE RESERVE AND THEIR IMPACT
ON MAN AND ANIMALS'
ShuvraKanti Sinha2andB.C. Nandi2-3
'Accepted April, 2003
"Krishnagar Government College, Krishnagar 741 101, West Bengal, India
’Present Address: Hooghly Mohsin College, Chinsurah 712 101. Hooghly, West Bengal, India
Systematicaccountsofninespeciesofcalliphoridflies,theirimpactonmanandanimals,anddistributionalrecordsfrom
Indiaaregiven.AnewspeciesChrysomyaindicaisdescribedand illustrated.
Key words: Diptera, systematicaccounts, impacts, Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve
INTRODUCTION Holotype and 2 dd Paratypes are deposited in the
National Collection ofZoological Survey ofIndia, Kolkata.
Very little is known about the calliphorid flies from RegnNo. 8637/H6.
Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve except from the works of
MazumderandParui(200 andSinhaandNandi(2002)who Systematic accounts
1),
reportedtwospeciesfromthisarea. Thesefliesare important Subfamily:Calliphorinae
in medical, veterinary and forensic sciences. They carry Tribe:Calliphorini
bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths that cause enteric 1. Callipliora (Calliphora) vicina Robineau-Desvoidy
diseases inmanandotheranimals. Some larvaeare parasites 1830,CalliphoravicinaRobineau-Desvoidy,Mem.pres,
on earthworms, snails, toads, frogs, nestlings of birds and div. Sav. Acad. Sci. Inst. Fr. (2)2: 435.
livestock, while a few cause huge loss in productivity ofthe 2000,Calliphora(Calliphora)vicina:Nandi,Rec.zool.
dried-fish industry. Some larvae are useful in forensic Surv. India 98(4): 1.
investigations (Smith 1986) and for the treatment of Specimensexamined:2dd\GhoramaraIsland,4.xi.1999.
osteomyelitis. Some are obligate parasites in living tissues Impact on man and animals: This species is mostly
and cause malign tissue myiasis in man and animals (Pont found on dead animals, includinghuman corpses and faeces,
1980). and is closely associated with man. The adult flies are
MATERIALAND METHODS biologically associated with polio virus, Escherichia,
Aerobacter, Proteus Flavobacterium, Salmonella Shigella
, , ,
These flies were collected from different parts of Staphylococcus Streptococcus, Bacillus Leptospira
, , ,
SundarbansBiosphereReservewiththehelpofbutterflynets Herpetomonas, Chilomastix, Entamoeba Eimeria,
,
from different habitats like dried and semi-dried fish, crabs Toxoplasma Endolimax and Giardia intestinalis
, ,
and prawns, dead molluscs, decaying garbage, excreta of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Trichuris trichura Ascaris
, ,
different animals, fruits and flowering plants in different lumbricoidesand Vibriocomma(Greenberg 1971).Thelarvae
seasons, as well as meat shops. The flies were then killed in cause intestinalandurinarymyiasis inhumans(James 1947).
jarsusingbenzenevapour,transferredtoasmalltissuepaper They are also helpful in forensic science, in detecting the
envelope and preserved dry therein. The chaetotaxy was approximatetimeofdeath(Smith 1986).
studiedusingastereoscopicdissectingmicroscope.Themale Distribution: West Bengal (Alipurduar, Birpara,
genitaliawerepulled out with afine forcepsand dissected in Darjeeling, Ghoramara Island, Kalimpong, Kurseong,
cavityblockusingastereoscopicdissectingmicroscope. The Rajabhatkhawa),Himachal Pradesh(Shimla),Sikkim(Mangan,
dissected parts were dehydrated through alcoholic grades Phensang)and Uttaranchal (Nainital).
andfiguresweredrawnwiththehelpofCameraLucidawhere
required. The genitalia were preserved in a small triangular Subfamily: Luciliinae
paper board and attached with the respective species Tribe: Luciliini
specimens. A total ofnine species belonging to four genera 2. Hemipyrellialigurriens(Wiedemann)
were found. The taxonomic classification ofRognes (1991) 1830, Musca ligurriens Wiedemann, Aussereurop.
wasfollowed. zweifl. Insekt. 2:655.
:
CALLIPHORID FLIES FROM SUNDARBANS BIOSPHERE RESERVE
Figs 1-6: Chrysomaindicasp nov 1 Epandrium, innerandouterforcepsandphallosome(lateralview),
;
2 Innerandouterforceps(posteriorview), 3. Fifthstermteofmale,4 Phallosome, anteriorandposteriorparameres(lateralview),
5 Phallosome, anteriorandposteriorparameres(ventralview),6. Ejaculatoryduct
2000, Hemipyrellialigurriens Nandi, Rec. zool. Surv. and excrement. The larvae with parasitic adaptation
India 98(4): 3. are able to utilize pre-existing wounds under laboratory
Specimensexamined: I d,GangaSagar(SagarIsland), conditions (Roy and Dasgupta 1971) and different
20.viii.2000; 1 d.Narayanpur, 16.iv.2000;2 cfd,Bhagabatpur, animals.
18.X.2000. Distribution: West Bengal (Bhagabatpur, Bijanbari,
Impacton man andanimals: Thisscavengerismostly Budge Budge, Burdwan, Buxa, Ganga Sagar, Kalimpong,
found on carcasses and human excrement. The adult Kalyani, Kolkata, Madarihat,Narayanpur, Ranaghat,Shibpur,
flies are regarded as the most potential vectors of enteric Siliguri, Sukna Forest), Bihar (Purnea), Sikkim (Phensang,
pathogens, as they visit both human food for consumption SwistikCamp)andTamil Nadu(Chennai).
416 J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 101 (3), Sep-Dec 2004
, ,
CALLIPHORID FLIES FROM SUNDARBANS BIOSPHERE RESERVE
3.Lucilia(Lucilia)cuprina(Wiedemann) Island),314.2000.
1830, MuscacuprinaWiedemann,Aussereurop. zwiejl. Impacton manand animals:Ascavenger, itisattracted
Insekt, 2:654. to carcasses of mammals, birds and reptiles. The adult is
2002,Lucilia(Lucilia)cuprinaNandi,Rec. zool. Surv. biologically associated with Herpetomonas muscarum and
India 100(1-2): 121. Leptomonas mirabilis and could cause harm to humans
Specimensexamined:4dd\BaniJungle(SagarIsland), (Greenberg 1971).
3I.i.2000; 15c?d,GangaSagar(SagarIsland), 1.ii.2000; 1 d, Distribution: West Bengal (Burdwan, Coochbehar,
Dhabalhat Shibpur (Sagar Island), 314.2000; Idd, Jambu Dhabalhat, Shibpur, Rajabhatkhawa, Ranaghat, Shibpur
Island, 16.ii.2001. Botanical Garden), Assam (Sadiya), Arunachal Pradesh
Impacton man and animals:Ascavenger, it ismostly (Pasighat), Himachal Pradesh (Shimla), Jammu & Kashmir
available on carcasses. The adults are associated with (Gulmarg)andSikkim(Jorethang).
Escherichia coli Proteus mirabilis, Proteus morganii,
,
Proteusrettgeri, ProteusvulgarisandAscarislumbricoides, 6. Lucilia (Lucilia)sericata (Meigen)
and may cause dysentery in humans. They also carry 1826, Musca sericata Meigen, Syst. Beschr. Europ
Morganellasp.(KanoandShinonaga 1968).Thelarvaecause zweifl. Insekt. 5: 53.
external myiasis in sheep, toad and wound myiasis in man. 1997, Lucilia (Lucilia) sericata Nandi, J. Beng. Nat.
They are obligate parasites in living tissue and may cause Hist. Soc. 16(2): 67.
malign tissue myiasis in man. This species is the notorious Specimensexamined:2dd, Bamankhali(SagarIsland),
sheepmaggotofAustraliaand causesextensive loss in sheep 1.ii.2000; 1d1,GhoramaraIsland,4.xi.1999; 1 d,GangaSagar
farming. This species is suspected to transmit poliomyelitis (SagarIsland),20.viii.2000.
virusto humanbeings (Rognes 1991). Impact on man and animals: This is a synanthropic
Distribution: West Bengal (Alipurduar, Bani Jungle, species, and mostly available near human dwellings.
Dhabalhat Shibpur, Ganga Sagar, Jaigaon, Jambu Island, Greenberg(1971)reported itsbiologicalassociationwithpolio
Kalyani, Rajabhatkhawa, Ranaghat, Sealdah) and virus,Coxsackievirus, Proteus,Flavobacterium,Aerobacter,
cosmopolitan distribution in India. Serratia, Enterococcus, Pneumonia, Salmonella, Shigella,
Herpetomonas. Clostridium,Staphylococcus,Streptococcus,
4. Lucilia (Lucilia)papuensis Macquart Bacillus, Escherichia, Leptospira, Crithidia, Entamoeba
1842, Lucilia papuensis Macquart, Mem. Soc. Sci Toxoplasma, Trichuris, Ancylostoma, Mycobacterium and
Agric. Lille2(3): 298. Ascaris. They also carry Morganella sp. (Kano and
1997, Lucilia (Lucilia) papuensis Nandi and Shinonaga 1968). The larvae cause wound myiasis in man
Bhattacharya,./ Beng. Nat. Hist. Soc. 16(2): 23. and other animals, and are serious pests ofsheep in Africa,
Specimensexamined: 3dd,Kakdwip, 12.ix.2000; 1 d, Britain, Europe andAustralia, causingmyiasis, an important
Bamankhali(SagarIsland),314.2000;3dd,Krishnagar(Sagar economic and welfare problem in many areas (Fisher et al.
Island),24.viii.2000. 1998). The larvae have been used in surgical cases (Stewart
Impacton manandanimals: Thisspeciesisfrequently 1934)andhaveforensic importanceastheyhelptodetectthe
attracted to decaying animal matter, particularly dead approximatetime ofdeathofaperson.
earthworms. James (1971) recorded it from marsupial skull Distribution: West Bengal (Bamankhali, Darjeeling,
andhumanexcrement. GangaSagar, Ghoramara Island, Kalimpong, Malda, Siliguri,
Distribution: West Bengal (Kakdwip, Bamankhali, Sukna,Takvar).
Krishnagar, Shibpur, Rajabhatkhawa, Ranaghat), Sikkim
(Jorthang), Assam (Sadiya), Arunachal Pradesh (Pasighat), Subfamily:Chrysomyinae
HimachalPradesh(Shimla),Jammu&Kashmir(Gulmarg)and Tribe:Chrysomyini
Kerala(Thiruvananthapuram). 7. Chrysomyamegacepliala Fabricius)
(
1794, MuscamegacephalaFabricius, Ent. Syst. 4:317.
5. Lucilia(Lucilia)porphyrina(Walker) 2000,ChrysomyamegacephalaNandi,Rec. zool. Surv.
1856, Muscaporphyrina Walker, J. Proc. Linn. Soc. India 98(4): 4.
Lond. Zool. /:24. Specimensexamined: 1d,JambuIsland, l.ii.1999; \2dd,
2000, Lucilia (Lucilia) porphyrina Nandi, Rec. zool. GangaSagar(SagarIsland), I ii.2000;7dd DhabalhatShibpur
Surv. India 98(4): 4. (Sagar Island), 314.2000; 8cfd', Kakdwip, 3.xi.1999; 6dd,
Specimensexamined:2dd, DhabalhatShibpur(Sagar Kakdwip, 16.iv.2000; 3dd, Namkhana, 16.iv.2000; 3d'd',
J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 101 (3), Sep-Dec 2004 417
CALLIPHORID FLIES FROM SUNDARBANS BIOSPHERE RESERVE
Bhagabatpur, 19.X.2000,4c?<?,MohisaniIsland, 12.xi.2000; Id1, likely to transmit enteric pathogens under unsanitary
Canning, 7.ii.2000; llc?c?, Fraserganj, 17.iv.2000; Id1 condition.
,
Chandanpiri, 20.x.2000; 4c?c?, Ganga Sagar (Sagar Island), Distribution: West Bengal (Alipurduar, Bamankhali,
1.ii.2000;2c?<?,LothianIsland, 18.X.2000. Begnakhali,Bijanbari,Chandanpiri,GhoramaraIsland,Jaigaon,
Impacton manandanimals:Asynanthropicspecies, it Kalyani, Kurseong, Madarihat, Panitanki, Rajabhatkhawa,
isavailableondeadfish, sweets,carcasses,humanexcrement Ranaghat, Shibpur, Singala Bazar, Siliguri) and almost
and fruits. The adult flies are vectors ofinfectious diseases throughout India.
of the digestive tract and have been reported to carry
Morganellasp., which causessummerdiarrhoea. Greenberg 9. Chrysomyaindicasp. nov. (Figs 1-6)
(1971) reported its biological association with polio virus, Male: Bodylength7-8mm.
Escherichia coli Proteus mirabilis Proteus morganii, Head: Eyesbare;upperhalfoffacetsnotenlarged;frons
, ,
Proteus rettgeri Proteus vulgaris Salmonella typhi. slightlyseparated; narrowestpartoffrons lessthanthewidth
, ,
Shigella dysenteriae Leptomonas mirabilis Chilomastix ofocellar triangle; frontal vitta black; frontal bristles short
, ,
mesnili, Giardia intestinalis, Trichomonas horninis, andweak;parafrontal blackishbrownwithsilverypollenand
Endolimax nana Entamoeba coli Entamoeba histolytica, numerous fine black hairs; parafacilia blackish brown with
, ,
Iodamoeba butschlii, Hymenolepis diminuta Trichuris silvery pollen and white hairs; gena and metacephalon dark
,
trichiura AncylostomaduodenaleandAscarislumbricoides. brownwithsilverytogoldenpollenandnumerouswhitehairs;
,
He also reported it as vector of enteric pathogens in second antennal segment dark brown, third brownish; arista
malnourished individualslivingunderunsanitaryconditions. dark brown, longplumose; palpi yellowishand slender.
Itsforensic importancehasbeenmentionedbySmith(1986), Thorax: Scutumandscutellummetallicbluewithbluish
and Wells and Kurahashi (1994). In Southeast Asia, these iridescence; four dark not prominent longitudinal stripes on
larvae are parasitic on semi-dried and dried fish, causing a presutural region; ac 0+2; dc 3+3; ia 0+1.; h 3: np 2;pa 2;
major problem in the fish industry (Esser 1991). It is a ph 1; st 1+1; hp-2; mp 6; apicoscutellar bristles 1 pair;
secondary myiasis producer in man and domestic animals. discoscutellarbristles3 pairs; lateroscutellarbristles3-4pairs;
Distribution: West Bengal (Alipurduar, Bhagabatpur, suprasquamosal ridges hairy; prostigmatic bristles present;
Bijanbari,Canning,Chandanpiri,DhabalhatShibpur, Diamond mesothoracic spiracles white; metathoracic spiracles dark
Harbour, Digha, Fraserganj, Ganga Sagar, Jaigaon, Jainti, brown.
Jambu Island,Kakdwip,Kalyani, Kolkata,Kurseong,Malda, Wings: Hyaline and its basal part infuscated; R, bare;
M
Mohisani Island, Namkhana, Panitanki, Rajabhatkhawa, sharplybendinganteriorly; lengthofthirdcostalsegment
Ranaghat,Shibpur,ShinglaBazar,Siliguri, Sukna)andalmost morethantwicethatofthe fifth; basicostaandepauletblack;
throughout India. upper squamawhite; lower squama brownish; halter brown.
Legs: Blacktoblackishbrown;forefemurwithapairof
8. Chrysomyarufifacies( Macquart) rows oflong bristles each along posterodorsal and a row of
1842,LuciliarufifaciesMacquart,Mem. Soc. Sci. Agric. bristles alongposteroventral surfaces; foretibiawith several
Lille2(3): 303. short bristles along the anterodorsal surface and with short
2000,ChrysomyarufifaciesNandi,Rec.zool. Surv India and comparatively long bristles alongthe distal end and one
98(4): 4. bristle on distal one-third ofthe posteroventral surface; mid
Specimensexamined: 1 «?, Bamankhali(SagarIsland), femurwith 2 short bristlesonthe middle partofanterodorsal
21.x.2000:2c?<?.Chandanpiri,20.x.2000;2c?c?, Begnakhali, surface, a rowofsetae each on the distal halfofanterodorsal
I3.ii.2001; 1c?,GhoramaraIsland,4.xi.1999. and posterodorsal surfaces, 2 bristles on the basal part of
Impact on man and animals: This synanthropic anteroventral surface and 3 bristles along the distal part of
saprophage is attracted to carcasses. The adults are posterodorsal surface; mid tibia with 1 bristle each on the
biologically associated with Bacillus sp., Mycobacterium anterodorsal, anteroventral and posterodorsal surfaces on
tuberculosis Leptomonas mirabilis and Taeniarhynchus one-third thedistance from the distal end and2 shortbristles
,
saginatum (Greenberg 1971). The larvae are primarily on the posteroventral surface; hind femurwith arowoflong
scavengers and have been successfully used for treating bristles each along anterodorsal and anteroventral surfaces;
osteomyelitis(James 1947). Itproducessecondarymyiasisin hindtibiawitharowofshortbristlesalonganterodorsalsurface
humans and other animals. It is one of the main pests of and I bristle each on distal one-third ofanteroventral and
sheep inAustralian region, and in Hawaii a serious parasite, posterodorsal surfaces.
especially ofyoung calves (Shishido and Hardy 1969). It is Abdomen: Metallic; second abdominal tergite darker
418 J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 101 (3), Sep-Dec 2004
CALLIPHORID FLIES FROM SUNDARBANS BIOSPHERE RESERVE
than the others and third and fourth tergites with dark ofcalliphorid flies,and ideal forpathogens.Lucilia(Luci/ia)
transversebands posteriorly; marginal bristleson abdominal cuprinaandLucilia(Lucilia)sericatacausewidespread loss
sternites poorly developed; sternites first to fourth dark- oflivestockand inabadoutbreak30%oftheflockdie(Kettle
brown with greyish pollen and numerous short hairs; fifth 1995). Baumgartnerand Greenberg(1984) mentioned that a
stemitecup-likewith longhairs on each arm; genital tergites few species threatened livestock in thejungle area. Myiasis
bluish withblackhairs; forcepselongated;anteriorparamere in goat and cow caused by Chrysomya rufifacies has been
wide,slightlycurvedanteriorly;posteriorparamerebifurcated observed in Ghoramara Island and Sagar Island (Sinha and
at end; acrophallus wide at end and with a wide stalked Nandi2002). Individualsengaged indriedfish industrysuffer
projectionposteriorly. most, asthedensityofflies in dried fishareaishigh andso is
Female:Unknown. the presence of different types of bacteria, viruses and
Specimensexamined: Holotype: Id1,India:WestBengal; protozoa. Calliphora (Calliphora) visina, Lucilia (Lucilia)
Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve (Canning), 7.ii.2001, Shuvra sericataand Chrysomyamegacephalaareknown totransmit
Kanti Sinha;Paratypes: 6dd,samedataasHolotype. gastrointestinaldiseasessuchas,summerdysentery,bacillary
Distribution: india; WestBengal(Canning). dysenteryandamoebic dysenteryamongindividualsindried-
Etymology: Thespecies isnamedafterIndia. fishfarm.
Remarks: This species is similar to Chrysomya
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
rufifacies(Macquart 1842),butdiffersinhaving6mesopleural
bristles (C. rufifacies has 5 mesopleural bristles) and a wide
stalked acrophallus projecting posteriorly (in C. rufifacies We thank the Officer-in-Charge, Krishnagar Govt.
the acrophallus is unstalked, projecting anteriorly). College, Krishnagar for laboratory facilities, the Ministry of
Impacton manandanimals:Notknown. Environment and Forests, Govt, of India, for funding the
research project; and the Divisional Forest Officer,
DISCUSSION 24-Parganas, South Division, forall possible helpduringthe
survey programme. We alsothank Prof.AmaleshChoudhury
Most calliphorid flies are important because oftheir for providing laboratory facilities at his Research
relationshipwith man. There isadirect relationship between Institute,S.D.MarineBiologicalResearchInstitute,SagarIsland.
fly density and diarrhoeal diseases (Greenberg 1964). Most
calliphorid flies breed on excrement and carcasses, and are Abbreviationsusedinthetext
mechanicaltransmittersofgastrointestinaldiseaseswhenthey ac-acrostichalbristles,t/c-dorsocentral bristles, ia-intra
settle,regurgitateorexcreteonfoodforhumanconsumption. alar bristles, /7-humeral bristles, np- notopleural bristles,
Mostpeople in the Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve use open ph-posthumeralbristles,pa-postalarbristles,st-stemopleural
orunhygienic latrines. These are the main breedinggrounds bristles, /^-hypopleural bristles, mp- mesopleural bristles.
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