Table Of ContentNorms, Interests, and Power in
Japanese Foreign Policy
Edited by
Yoichiro Sato and Keiko Hirata
NORMS, INTERESTS, AND POWER IN JAPANESE FOREIGN POLICY
Copyright © Yoichiro Sato and Keiko Hirata, 2008.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2008 978-1-4039-8448-7
All rights reserved.
First published in 2008 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN®
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this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills,
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ISBN 978-1-349-53997-0 ISBN 978-0-230-61580-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230615809
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Norms, interests, and power in Japanese foreign policy / edited by
Yoichiro Sato and Keiko Hirata.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Japan—Foreign relations—1945– I. Sato, Yoichiro, 1966–
II. Hirata, Keiko
JZ1745.N67 2008
327.52—dc22 2008012365
A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library.
Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India.
First edition: October 2008
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
List of Figures v
List of Tables vi
Preface vii
Part I Introduction
1 Introduction: Constructivism, Rationalism, and
the Study of Norms in Japanese Foreign Policy 3
Yoichiro Sato and Keiko Hirata
Part II Security and Diplomatic Policy
2 Where Do Norms Come From? Foundations of
Japan’s Postwar Pacifism 21
Akitoshi Miyashita
3 International Norms and Civil Society:
New Influences on Japanese Security Policy 47
Keiko Hirata
4 Norms, Structures, and Japan’s
“Northern Territories” Policy 71
Kimie Hara
5 Three Norms of Collective Defense and
Japan’s Overseas Troop Dispatches 93
Yoichiro Sato
Part III International Political Economic Issues
6 Humanitarian and Democratic Norms in Japan’s
ODA Distributions 111
Yoichiro Sato and Masahiko Asano
iv CONTENTS
7 Norms and Japan’s Foreign Aid Policy
in the South Pacific 129
Sandra Tarte
8 Japan’s Role in Latin America’s Debt Management,
1982–1991 151
Saori N. Katada
Part IV Environmental Issues
9 Japan’s Whaling Politics 175
Keiko Hirata
10 The Kyoto Protocol from Formulation to
Ratification: Japan’s Role in International
Climate Negotiations 211
Eric Shibuya
Part V Conclusion
11 Conclusion 235
Keiko Hirata
Bibliography 251
List of Contributors 273
Index 275
Figures
2.1 Should Japan Rearm? 30
2.2 Should the Constitution be Revised? 31
2.3 Should Japan Possess Nuclear Weapons? 32
2.4 Japanese Attitudes Toward the Self Defense Forces 33
2.5 Japanese Views on U.S.-Japan Security Treaty 35
2.6 What Is the Best Way of Defending Japan? 36
8.1 Bank Loan Outstanding to Latin America:
Japan and the United States 1980–1988 157
Tables
6.1 Japan’s ODA to Developing Countries (1994–2004).
Dependent Variable: TECOOP 121
6.2 Japan’s ODA to Developing Countries
(1994–2004). Dependent Variable: GRANTSAIDS 122
6.3 Japan’s ODA to Developing Countries
(1994–2004). Dependent Variable: NLAID 123
7.1 Pacific Islands Basic Indicators, 2004 140
8.1 JEXIM Bank’s Support to the Brady Plan,
with Signing Dates and Amounts 165
9.1 Cortell and Davis’s Typology of Domestic
Structural Contexts 179
9.2 Levels of International Norm Adoption
at the Domestic Level 182
9.3 Japanese Antarctic Research Program (JARPA) 188
9.4 Japanese Research-Whaling Program
in the North Pacific (JARPN) 189
11.1 Norms Examined in the Previous Chapters 237
11.2 Two-Stage Models of Foreign Policy Behavior
Involving Rationalism and Constructivism 248
Preface
W
hile scholarly works on Japan’s foreign policy abound, those that
focus on normative effects on Japanese international behavior have
been limited in number and scope. In particular, we are aware of no
prior books that examine the role of norms in a wide range of Japanese
foreign policy issues. By addressing normative questions, we hope to
contribute both theoretically and empirically to the field of Japanese
foreign policy as well as to the broader fields of Japanese politics,
Japanese studies, and international relations.
We believe a project like this is of particular value today. The fields
of Japanese foreign policy and international relations have been largely
split into two camps; one emphasizes mostly quantitative research
from rationalist perspectives, and the other stresses qualitative
constructivist analysis. While we acknowledge the need for diverse
approaches and methods, we also recognize the importance of
conversations between those with diverse theoretical and method-
ological perspectives so as to ensure informed development of the
fields of Japanese foreign policy and international relations. In
particular, we believe that the search for common ground between
rationalist and constructivist interpretations of foreign policy will
advance political theory. The starting point for such interaction and
possible synthesis must be solid empirical studies, and this volume
attempts to bridge the two sides both theoretically and empirically.
In terms of Japanese studies, this book is being published at a
critical point. Over the past three and a half decades, the field of
Japanese studies has matured steadily. However, as Japan’s relative
economic prominence in the world has declined, the field has faced
growing challenges, such as decreased availability of research funding
and declining student enrollments. Continued growth of the field
will require scholarship that not only informs specialists on the study
of Japan but also contributes to a wider academic audience. By making
use of in-depth empirical analysis to take a fresh look at the intersec-
tion between diverse theoretical approaches, we hope this book makes
such a contribution.
viii PREFACE
Finally, we would like to thank those who have helped make this
book possible. We are grateful to our contributors for their outstand-
ing chapters and for their patience during the long process of book
production. We thank Dianna Hummel for providing valuable research
assistance with data collection and database management for chapter 6.
Our gratitude goes to Jim Rolfe, who helped with final edits during
the last stage of production and whose in-depth k nowledge of
constructivism proved especially helpful. We thank Palgrave Macmillan’s
editor, Toby Wahl, and assistant, Emily Hue, for providing excellent
support throughout the process and thoughtfully accommodating our
requests for changes in the contents and the production schedule. We
are also grateful to the anonymous reviewers from Palgrave Macmillan
for constructive suggestions. Numerous other individuals have given us
invaluable comments, critiques, and support for our project. We also
gratefully acknowledge funding provided for the project by California
State University, Northridge, and its College of Social and Behavioral
Sciences.
We dedicate this book to Yasumasa Kuroda and Michael Haas, two
prolific lifelong scholars who have touched our lives with their research
and mentorship. We hope this book reflects in some small way their
fervent commitment to critical inquiry.
An earlier version of Chapter 2 was published as Akitoshi Miyashita,
“Where Do Norms Come from? Foundations of Japan’s Postwar
Pacifism,” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 7 (2007):
99–120.
YOICHIRO SATO AND KEIKO HIRATA
Part I
Introduction
