Normal and Altered States of Function

546 Pages·1991·18.62 MB·English

by  Eberhard Fetz

CEREBRAL
CORTEX
Volume 9
Normal and Altered
States of Function
CEREBRAL CORTEX
Edited by Edward G. Jones and Alan Peters
Advisory Committee
J. C. Eccles, Contra, Switzerland
H. H. Jasper, Montreal, Canada
v. B. Mountcastle, Baltimore, Maryland
W. J. H. Nauta, Cambridge, Massachusetts
S. L. Palay, Boston, Massachusetts
F. Plum, New York, New York
R. D. Terry, LaJolla, California
P. Ulinski, Chicago, Illinois
Volume 1 : Cellular Components of the Cerebral Cortex
Volume 2: Functional Properties of Cortical Cells
Volume 3: Visual Cortex
Volume 4: Association and Auditory Cortices
Volume 5: Sensory-Motor Areas and Aspects of Cortical Connectivity
Volume 6: Further Aspects of Cortical Function, Including Hippocampus
Volume 7: Development and Maturation of Cerebral Cortex
Volume8A: Comparative Structure and Evolution of Cerebral Cortex, Part I
Volume 8B: Comparative Structure and Evolution of Cerebral Cortex, Part II
Volume 9: Normal and Altered States of Function
CEREB
CORTEX
Volume 9
Normal and Altered
States of Function
Edited by
ALAN PETERS
Boston University School qf Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts
and
EDWARD G. JONES
California College qf Medicine
University qf California, Irvine
Irvine, California
Plenum Press · New York and London
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
(Revised for vol. 9)
Cerebral cortex.
Vol. 2, 5-9 edited by Edward G.Jones and Alan Peters.
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
Contents: v. 1. Cellular components of the cerebral cortex-v. 8. Comparative
structure and evolution of cerebral cortex (2 v.)-v. 9. Normal and altered states of
function.
1. Cerebral cortex. I. Peters, Alan, 1929- . II. Jones, Edward G., 1939-
[DNLM: 1. Cerebral Cortex-anatomy and histology. 2. Cerebral Cortex
physiology. WL 307 C4136]
QP383.C45 1984 612'.825 84-1982
ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-6624-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-6622-9
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4615-6622-9
© 1991 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
Martin L. Albert Aphasia/Neurobehavior Unit, Boston VA Medical
Center; and Department of Neurology, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Mas
sachusetts 02215
David L Bachman Aphasia/Neurobehavior Unit, Boston VA Medical
Center; and Department of Neurology, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Mas
sachusetts 02215. Present address: Department of
Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina,
Charleston, South Carolina 29425
Eberhard Fetz Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Re
gional Primate Research Center, University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
Albert M. Galaburda Dyslexia Neuroanatomical Research Laboratory
and the Charles A. Dana Research Institute, De
partment of Neurology, Beth Israel Hospital, and
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
02215
Thomas L. Kemper Department of Neurology, Boston City Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts 02118
Dan R. Kenshalo, Jr. National Institute of Dental Research, National In
stitutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
Alan Peters Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology,
Boston University School of Medicine, Boston,
Massachusetts 02118
v
vi Fred Plum Department of Neurology and Neuroscience,
Cornell University Medical College and New York
CONTRIBUTORS
Hospital, New York, New York 10021
Charles E. Ribak Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Uni
versity of California-Irvine, Irvine, California
92717
Glenn D. Rosen Dyslexia Neuroanatomical Research Laboratory
and the Charles A. Dana Research Institute, De
partment of Neurology, Beth Israel Hospital, and
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
02215
Gordon F. Sherman Dyslexia Neuroanatomical Research Laboratory
and the Charles A. Dana Research Institute, De
partment of Neurology, Beth Israel Hospital, and
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
02215
Wade Smith Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Re
gional Primate Research Center, University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
Mircea Steriade Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Laval,
Quebec G1K 7P4, Canada
Oswald Steward Departments of Neuroscience and Neurosurgery,
University of Virginia School of Medicine, Char
lottesville, Virginia 22908
Sadayuki F. Thkagi Department of Physiology, Gunma University
School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371, Japan
Keisuke Toyama Department of Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural Uni
versity of Medicine, Kyoto 602, Japan
Brent Alan Vogt Department of Anatomy, Boston University
School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
02118. Present address: Department of Phys
iology and Pharmacology, Bowman Gray School of
Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem,
North Carolina 27103
William D. Willis, Jr. Marine Biomedical Institute and Department of
Anatomy and Neurosciences, University of Texas
Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550-2772
Preface
This volume of the series on "Cerebral Cortex" deals with a variety of topics that
need to be considered in our overall understanding of the functions of the
cerebral hemispheres. Chapters in the first part of this volume deal with normal
functions that were not covered in earlier volumes, while chapters in the latter
part deal with the functioning of the cortex in various altered states.
The first chapter is by Eberhard Fetz, Keisuke Toyama, and Wade Smith,
and it considers the interactions that can be demonstrated to exist between
cortical neurons by using the technique of cross-correlation. The second chapter
is by Brent Vogt who examines the connections and functions of layer I of the
cerebral cortex, a layer that has been largely ignored in the past, and he proposes
that this layer probably plays an important role in learning and memory acquisi
tion. This is followed by a chapter in which Oswald Steward presents a review of
what is currently known about synaptic replacement following denervation of
cortical neurons, and especially those in the hippocampus.
The next two chapters deal with the role of the cerebral cortex in olfaction
and in the perception of pain. Sadayuki Takagi provides evidence that some
neurons in the orbital portion of the frontal cortex respond to olfactory stimuli
and that they may respond differentially to specific odors. On the question of
pain, Dan Kenshalo and William Willis show that some neurons in the
somatosensory cortex respond to pain, and that the cortex participates not only
in the sensory processing of pain, but also in the modulation of that sensation.
The chapter by David Bachman and Martin Albert considers how language
is organized in the cerebral cortex. They review the data available from contem
porary imaging techniques for demonstrating cortical activity, and show that
multiple, complex and overlapping systems are involved in the processing of
language. Appropriately, this is followed by Albert Galaburda, Glenn Rosen, and
Gordon Sherman's contribution which deals with asymmetries in the brain. This
area of study had its modern inception in reports that the human planum
temporale, an area involved in language function, exhibits pronounced asymme
tries in the human brain. But as this chapter shows, asymmetries are also present
in other cortical areas, and in species other than man.
vii
viii The contribution by Fred Plum reviews what is known about coma and
other disturbances of the normal conscious state of humans. He considers the
PREFACE
defmition of consciousness and how this state can be affected by damage to
various portions of the cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem. This chapter is
complementary to that by Mircea Steriade, on the electro physiological correlates
of alertness, quiet sleep, and dreaming.
The last three chapters in the volume deal with other altered states of
cortical functioning. The chapter by Charles Ribak reviews the morphological
changes that underlie certain forms of epilepsy. He considers the experimental
models that can be used to investigate epilepsy and what studies of these models
have so far revealed to further our understanding of the epileptic brain. The
chapter by Alan Peters reviews the literature on the effects of normal aging in
the cerebral cortices of monkeys and shows that many of the age-related changes
are similar to those occurring in humans, suggesting that the monkey can pro
vide a good model for understanding cortical aging in humans. And in the last
chapter in this volume, Thomas Kemper reviews the information available about
Down syndrome, in which there is a premature appearance of exaggerated age
related pathological changes that are invariably related to trisomy of chromo
some 21.
We hope that this collection of chapters will provide readers with useful
reviews of these various aspects of normal and altered states of cortical function
ing, and we thank the contributors for their efforts and enthusiasm in agreeing
to provide these reviews of their special areas of interest. Once again, we are
grateful to the staff of Plenum Press for doing such an excellent job in producing
this volume.
Alan Peters
Edward G. Jones
Boston and Irvine
Contents
Chapter 1
Synaptic Interactions between Cortical Neurons
Eberhard Fetz, Keisuke Toyama, and Wade Smith
1. Introduction.................................................. 1
1.1. Measures of Synaptic Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2. Effects of Synaptic Connections. . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . 4
2. Visual Cortex. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . 5
2.1. Application of the Cross-Correlation Technique
in the Visual System ...................................... 5
2.2. Geniculocortical Interaction ............................... 6
2.3. Corticogeniculate Interaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4. Intra- and Intercolumnar Interaction in Single and Adjacent
Functional Columns of the Visual Cortex ................... 10
2.5. Transcolumnar Interaction between Distant Columns.. . . .. . . 15
2.6. Synaptic Interaction Demonstrated by STA ................. 19
2.7. Functional Conclusions ................................... 21
3. Auditory Cortex .............................................. 23
4. Somatosensory Cortex......................................... 26
4.1. Cross-Correlation Studies ................................. 26
4.2. STA Studies ............................................. 26
5. Motor Cortex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.1. Cross-Correlation Studies ................................. 28
5.2. STA Studies ............................................. 35
6. Association Cortex ............................................ 36
7. Hippocampus................................................. 38
7.1. Cross-Correlation Studies ................................. 38
7.2. STA Studies ............................................. 38
8. Summary and Conclusions..................................... 41
8.1. Common Features of Synaptic Interactions ................. 41
8.2. Future Directions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
9. References ................................................... 43
ix