Normal and Abnormal Development of Brain and Behaviour

361 Pages·1972·13.11 MB·English

by  W. A. Marshall (auth.)

NORMAL AND ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT
OF BRAIN AND BEHAVIOUR
BOERHAAVE SERIES
FOR POSTGRADUATE
MEDICAL EDUCATION
PROCEEDINGS OF THE BOERHAA VE COURSES
ORGANIZED BY
THE FACULTY OF MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF LEIDEN
THE NETHERLANDS
NORMAL AND ABNORMAL
DEVELOPMENT OF
BRAIN AND BEHAVIOUR
EDITED BY
G. B. A. STOELINGA M. D.
1. 1. V AN DER WERFF TEN BOSCH M. D.
LEI DEN UNIVERSITY PRESS
1971
SOLE DISTRIBUTOR FOR THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND CANADA
THE WILLIAMS AND WILKINS COMPANY {BALTIMORE
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 74-149161
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-2923-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-010-2921-6
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-010-2921-6
Jacket design: E. Wijnans gvn
© 1971 Leiden University Press, Leiden, The Netherlands
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1971
No part of this book may be reproduced by print, photoprint, or any other means
without written permission of the publisher.
PREFACE
This volume contains the proceedings of a postgraduate course for medical
practitioners of various specialties. One purpose of the course was to provide
factual data on developmental aspects of the brain and behaviour, and about
the possible impact of several important categories of internal and environ
mental factors upon neural development. Another purpose was to indicate
the extent and the limitations of the methodology now available for the
scientific approach of the study of the development of behaviour. In general
the investigator is faced with methodological problems of two types, the
proper definition and scoring of behavioural items, and the isolation of the
different factors that contribute to a particular behaviour. An example of
the latter is given in the very last paper, which is concerned with attempts at
unravelling under experimental conditions the contributions made by various
influences upon a single sequence of behaviour.
The course was held in Leiden in November 1970, and was the third in a
series of Boerhaave Courses instigated by the Dutch Growth Foundation.
Previous subjects have been 'Somatic growth of the child' (in 1964) and
'Human body composition' (in 1967).
The programme was planned in collaboration with Prof. Dr. H. H. van
Gelderen, Dr. D. G. Lawrence, Prof. Dr. F. J. Monks, Prof. Dr. H. F. R.
Prechtl and Prof. Dr. H. K. A. Visser.
Financial support was given by the pharmaceutical firms Philips-Duphar,
Sandoz and Specia, and by the Dutch Growth Foundation.
Major editorial contributions were made by Anneke Bot.
Department of Pediatrics G. B. A. STOELINGA M.D.
University Hospital, Nijmegen
Department of Endocrinology 1. J. VAN DER WERFF TEN BOSCH M.D.
Medical Faculty, Rotterdam
University Hospital, Leiden
v
CONTENTS
Somatic development and the study of the central nervous system
W.A. MARSHALL
Undernutrition and the developing brain: the use of animal models to
elucidate the human problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20
J. DOBBING
Effects of early malnutrition on general development in animals 39
E.M. WIDDOWSON
Postnatal growth and development in small-for-date babies 53
J.F. VAN GILS
On the structure, development, and connections of the limbic system 74
J. AIuENS KAPPERS
Behavioral assessment in infancy 92
D.G. FREEDMAN
Manual to accompany newborn behavioral and neurological scales 104
T.B. BRAZELTON AND D.G. FREEDMAN
Motor behaviour in relation to brain structure. . . . . . . . . . . 133
H.F.R. PRECHTL
Neurological criteria for the estimation of the post-menstrual age
of newborn infants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
P. CASAER AND Y. AKIYAMA
Neurological follow-up of infants born after obstetrical complications 179
B.C.L. TOUWEN
Observations of free-field behaviour in preschool boys and girls in re
lation to neurological findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
A.F. KALVERBOER
VI
CONTENTS VII
Genetic influences on development of behavior 208
D.G. FREEDMAN
Non-genetic prenatal influences on psychological development. . . . 234
J. JANS
Comment, R. ADER . 245
Congenital deafness and disturbed psychomotor development
A.M.J. VAN UDEN
Effects of congenital blindness on development of behaviour . . . . . 259
M.W.VANHoF
The influence of emotional deprivation on growth and behaviour . . . 27 I
W. CROUGHS
Neuroendocrine factors and the ontogeny of behavior . . . . . . . 284
S.LEVINE
The effects of early hypothyroidism on IQ, school performance, and
electroencephalogram pattern in children . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
J.J. VAN GEMUND and M.S. LAURENT DE ANGULO
Pituitary-adrenal hormones and behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
D.DEWIED
Hormonal and social determinants of sexual behavior in the pigtail
monkey (Macaca nemestrina) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
D.A. GoLDFOOT
Index of subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
CONTRIBUTORS
R. Ader, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Pharmacology, State University of Utrecht, The
Netherlands.
Y. Akiyama, Department of Developmental Neurology, University Hospital, Groningen,
The Netherlands.
J. Ariens Kappers, The Netherlands Central Institute for Brain Research, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands.
T. B. Brazelton, Committee on Human Development, The University of Chicago, Illinois,
U.S.A.
P. Casaer, Department of Developmental Neurology, University Hospital, Groningen,
The Netherlands.
W. Croughs, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, State University of Utrecht, The Nether
lands.
J. Dobbing, Department of Child Health, University of Manchester, U.K.
D. G. Freedman, Committee on Human Development, The University of Chicago,
Illinois, U.S.A.
J. J. van Gemund, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Leiden, The Nether
lands.
J. F. van Gils, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam Medical Faculty, Rotterdam, The
Netherlands.
D. A. Goldfoot, Department of Endocrinology, Growth and Reproduction, Rotterdam
Medical Faculty, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
M. W. van Hof, Department of Physiology, Rotterdam Medical Faculty, Rotterdam, The
Netherlands.
J. Jans, Department of Psychology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
A. F. Kalverboer, Department of Developmental Neurology, University Hospital,
Groningen, The Netherlands.
S. Levine, Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford,
California, U.S.A.
M. S. Laurent de Angulo, The Netherlands Institute for Preventive Medicine - TNO,
Leiden, The Netherlands.
W. A. Marshall, Department of Growth and Development, Institute of Child Health,
University of London, U. K.
H. F. R. Prechtl, Department of Developmental Neurology, University Hospital, Gronin
gen, The Netherlands.
B. C. L. Touwen, Department of Developmental Neurology, University Hospital, Gro
ningen, The Netherlands.
A. M. J. van Uden, Institute for the Deaf, St. Michielsgestel, The Netherlands.
E. M. Widdowson, University of Cambridge and Medical Research Council, Dunn
Nutritional Laboratory, Cambridge, U.K.
D. de Wied, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Pharmacology, State University of Utrecht, The
Netherlands.
VITI
SOMATIC DEVELOPMENT
AND THE STUDY OF
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
W. A. MARSHALL
LIMIT ATIONS OF CROSS-SECTIONAL DATA
The development of the body can be studied more easily than that of the
central nervous system. In studying somatic growth it is usually possible to
make either repeated observations on the same subjects (longitudinal study)
or single observations on each one of a large number of individuals at each
age (cross-sectional study). Many of the techniques used to investigate the
central nervous system require destruction or injury of the subject and
therefore permit only cross-sectional studies. The two methods of approach
do not yield the same information and it is important that the distinction
between them should be clearly understood.
For example, the average stature of children at different ages and the
variation about this average could be determined by a cross-sectional study.
Fig. I is a chart based on cross-sectional data, showing the normal variation
in stature of English children at different ages. 10% fall below the loth per
centile, 90% below the 90th percentile line, etc. However, the growth curves
of individuals seldom coincide with the percentile lines throughout child
hood. The thick line in the centre of the chart might be obtained from re
peated measurements of an individual of average stature. It follows the 50th
percentile line in early childhood but at the age of about 12-!-it begins to rise
more steeply than the percentile line. The steep upward slope represents the
adolescent growth spurt and occurs at the average age in the subject shown
.in fig. I, but it does not begin or end at the same age in all children (see fig. 2).
The curve obtained by plotting the average stature at each age begins its up
ward inflection when the earliest children enter the adolescent growth spurt,
but does not level out until the last children have reached their adult stature.
It is therefore less steep than the curve describing each individual's growth.
We can obtain a graph describing the growth of a single individual only
by longitudinal study. We also need longitudinal data in order to determine
2 W. A. MARSHALL
how the rate, or velocity, of growth varies, either with age in an individual,
or at any given age in a population. We express this speed in cm/yr in just
the same way as we talk about the speed of a motor car in km/hr.
If a large number of individuals were each measured on two successive
birthdays and each child's growth velocity between each two successive
em
190
BOYS
180
Height
170
160
150
140
130
120
1 fO
100
90
Single-Time _. - 97
S. ........d ._.- so
(cron-l.ec:t:.iaNl) ....: ----_ 3
80
Age. years
50
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Fig. I. Chart showing the percentile distribution of stature for boys at different ages.
The thick black line represents repeated measurements of an individual of average stature
throughout childhood and as an adult. Note that between the ages of Izt and 16 this line
does not follow the 50th percentile line. The steeper slope at this age represents the indivi
dual's adolescent spurt and in this case is occurring at the average age. The discontinuity
of the individual's line at age 2 is due to the changeover from supine length measurements
to measurement of stature while standing.