Norm Antipreneurs and the Politics of Resistance to Global Normative Change

275 Pages·2016·3.019 MB·English

by  Alan Bloomfield (editor), Shirley V. Scott (editor)

Norm Antipreneurs and the Politics
of Resistance to Global Normative
Change
Over recent decades International Relations scholars have investigated norm
dynamics processes at some length, with the ‘norm entrepreneur’ concept having
become a common reference point in the literature. The focus on norm entre-
preneurs has, however, resulted in a bias towards investigating the agents and
processes of successful normative change.
This book challenges this inherent bias by explicitly focusing on those who
resist normative change – norm ‘antipreneurs’. The utility of the norm anti-
preneur concept is explored through a series of case studies encompassing a
range of issue- areas and contributed by a mix of well- known and emergent
scholars of norm dynamics. In examining the complexity of norm resistance,
particular attention is paid to the nature and intent of the actors involved in
norm- contestation, the sites and processes of resistance, the strategies and tactics
antipreneurs deploy to defend the values and interests they perceive to be threat-
ened by the entrepreneurs, and whether it is the entrepreneurs or the antipreneurs
who enjoy greater inherent advantages.
This text will therefore be of interest to scholars and students of International
Relations, International Law, Political Science, Sociology and History.
Alan Bloomfield is the Vice Chancellor’s Postdoctoral Fellow at the University
of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Shirley V. Scott is Professor of International Relations at the School of Social
Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australia.
Routledge/Challenges of Globalisation
Edited by Charles Sampford and Carmel Connors
Griffith University, Australia
This series seeks to make systematic contributions to international debates over
two intimately related issues:
• The values that should inform the governance of modern states and the glo-
balising world in which they are increasingly enmeshed, in particular
whether the liberal democratic values that sought to civilize the sovereign
state need to be reconceived as global values.
• The institutions that are needed to realise those values, be they local,
national, regional, international, transnational or global.
5 Global Democracy and its 9 Access to International Justice
Difficulties Edited by Patrick Keyzer, Vesselin
Edited by Anthony J. Langlois and Popovski and Charles Sampford
Karol Edward Sołtan
10 Strengthening the Rule of Law
6 New Visions for Market through the UN Security
Governance Council
Crisis and renewal Edited by Jeremy Farrall and
Edited by Kate MacDonald, Hilary Charlesworth
Shelley Marshall and Sanjay Pinto
11 Law, Lawyering and Legal
7 Shifting Global Powers and Education
International Law Building an ethical profession in
Challenges and opportunities a globalizing world
Edited by Rowena Maguire, Charles Sampford and Hugh
Bridget Lewis and Charles Breakey
Sampford
12 Norm Antipreneurs and the
8 Institutional Supports for the Politics of Resistance to Global
International Rule of Law Normative Change
Edited by Charles Sampford and Edited by Alan Bloomfield and
Ramesh Thakur Shirley V. Scott
Norm Antipreneurs and the
Politics of Resistance to Global
Normative Change
Edited by Alan Bloomfield and
Shirley V. Scott
First published 2017
by Routledge
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© 2017 Selection and editorial matter: Alan Bloomfield and
Shirley V. Scott; individual chapters: the contributors
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
Names: Bloomfield, Alan, 1975– editor. | Scott, Shirley V., editor.
Title: Norm antipreneurs and the politics of resistance to global normative
change / edited by Alan Bloomfield and Shirley V. Scott ; foreword by
Amitav Acharya.
Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017. | Series:
Challenges of globalisation ; 12 | Includes bibliographical references and
index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016018320| ISBN 9781138900295 (hardback) |
ISBN 9781315707341 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Political ethics–Case studies. | Normativity (Ethics)–
Case studies. | International cooperation–Moral and ethical aspects–Case
studies. | International relations–Moral and ethical aspects–Case studies.
Classification: LCC JA79 .N668 2017 | DDC 172/.4–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016018320
ISBN: 978-1-138-90029-5 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-70734-1 (ebk)
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear
Contents
List of illustrations vii
Notes on contributors viii
Foreword by Amitav Acharya xi
1 Norm antipreneurs in world politics 1
ALAN BLOOMFIELD AND SHIRLEY V. SCOTT
2 Resisting the responsibility to protect 20
ALAN BLOOMFIELD
3 Resisting the ban on cluster munitions 39
KENKI ADACHI
4 Resistance to the emergent norm to advance progress
towards the complete elimination of nuclear weapons 57
ORLI ZAHAVA
5 Rival networks and the conflict over assassination/targeted
killing 72
CLIFFORD BOB
6 Resisting the emerging ‘humanitarian access’ norm 89
ALAN BLOOMFIELD
7 Resisting Japan’s promotion of a norm of sustainable
whaling 108
SHIRLEY V. SCOTT AND LUCIA MEILIN ORIANA
8 Resisting the norm of climate security 125
SHIRLEY V. SCOTT
vi Contents
9 Additional categories of agency: ‘creative resisters’ to
normative change in post-c risis global financial governance 140
MALCOLM CAMPBELL- VERDUYN
10 Contesting private sustainability norms in primary
commodity production: norm hybridisation in the palm oil
sector 159
HELEN E.S. NESADURAI
11 Whose norm is it anyway? Mediating contested
norm-h istories in Iraq (2003) and Syria (2013) 177
FRANk HARVEY AND JOHN MITTON
12 To boldly go where no country has gone before: U.S. norm
antipreneurism and the weaponization of outer space 197
JEFFREY S. LANTIS
13 Resisting ‘good governance’ norms in the EU’s European
Neighbourhood Policy 215
WILLIAM CLAPTON
14 Norm entrepreneurs and antipreneurs: chalk and cheese, or
two faces of the same coin? 231
SHIRLEY V. SCOTT AND ALAN BLOOMFIELD
Index 251
Illustrations
Figure
9.1 Creative resisters on a continuum 152
Tables
3.1 Norm entrepreneurs and norm antipreneurs in the early 1980s 42
3.2 Norm entrepreneurs and norm antipreneurs in 2004 45
3.3 Norm entrepreneurs and norm antipreneurs in the late 2000s 49
5.1 Framework for analyzing normative and policy conflict 74
5.2 Strategies used by rival sides in normative and policy conflicts 75
11.1 Timeline of key decision points prior to 2003 Iraq invasion 185
Contributors
Kenki Adachi is Professor of International Politics at the College of Inter-
national Relations, Ritsumeikan University, Japan. His works include Norms
in International Society: When States Refrain from Using Certain Weapons
(2015), Institutional Interplay and Global Governance: A Case Study of Con-
ventional Weapons Governance (2009), and The Ottawa Process: Formation
Process of Landmine Ban Treaty (2004) which won the 2004 Canadian Prime
Minister Award.
Alan Bloomfield is the Vice Chancellor’s Postdoctoral Fellow at the University
of New South Wales (UNSW) Australia. He researches Australian and, more
recently, Indian foreign policy: he recently published the book India and the
Responsibility to Protect and he has articles in the Pacific Review, Con-
temporary Security Policy and the Australian Journal of Politics and History.
He also researches norm dynamics theory: empirically he focuses on human-
itarian norms (especially R2P [Responsibility to Protect]) and he is the author
of the 2015 Review of International Studies article ‘Norm Antipreneurs and
Theorising Resistance to Normative Change’.
Clifford Bob studies human rights, globalization, and transnational networks.
His book, The Global Right Wing and the Clash of World Politics, was pub-
lished by Cambridge University Press in 2012. His 2005 book, The Marketing
of Rebellion: Insurgents, Media, and International Activism (Cambridge),
won the International Studies Association Best Book Award and other prizes.
He edited The International Struggle for New Human Rights (University of
Pennsylvania Press) and has written for political science, law, and policy
journals.
Malcolm Campbell- Verduyn completed his PhD in International Relations at
McMaster University in 2015 and is currently a SSHRC Postdoctoral Fellow
at the Balsillie School of International Affairs in Waterloo, Ontario. His
research combines a general focus on language and ideas in the global polit-
ical economy with a specific interest in the roles of private actors, technolo-
gies and technical artefacts in contemporary global governance. His
Contributors ix
publications have appeared in Business and Politics, Competition and
Change, Global Society and the Journal of European Public Policy.
William Clapton is Senior Lecturer in International Relations at UNSW Aus-
tralia. He is the author of Risk and Hierarchy in International Society: Liberal
Interventionism in the Post- Cold War Era (Palgrave, 2014) and has published
articles in International Relations and International Politics.
Frank P. Harvey is Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences and former
Chair of the Department of Political Science at Dalhousie University in
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. He currently holds the Eric Dennis Chair of
Government and Politics at Dalhousie, and held the position of University
Research Professor of International Relations from 2008–2013. He served as
Associate Dean of Research from 2011–2013, held the J. William Fulbright
Visiting Research Chair in Canadian Studies in 2007, is a former Director of
the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, and is a Senior Research Fellow with
the Canadian Global Affairs Institute. His most recent book, Explaining the
Iraq War: Counterfactual Theory, Logic and Evidence (Cambridge Univer-
sity Press, 2012) received the 2013 Canadian Political Science Association
Book Prize in International Relations.
Jeffrey S. Lantis is Professor of Political Science at The College of Wooster,
Ohio, USA. His teaching and research specializations include international
security, norms, strategic culture, nuclear non- proliferation, and comparative
foreign policy. A former Fulbright Senior Scholar in Australia, Lantis is
author of recent books, including Arms and Influence: U.S. Technology
Innovation and the Evolution of International Security Norms (Stanford
University Press, 2016) and editor of Strategic Culture and Security Policies
in the Asia- Pacific (Routledge, 2015). In addition, Lantis has published
numerous academic journal articles and book chapters on executive decisions
and preventive war, strategic culture, norm stewardship, and cyber-s ecurity.
John Mitton is a PhD candidate in the Department of Political Science at Dal-
housie University in Halifax, NS, Canada. He is also a Doctoral Fellow at the
Centre for the Study of Security and Development and a Killam Memorial
Scholar. His work has appeared in Contemporary Security Policy, The Cana-
dian Journal of Political Science and International Journal. His dissertation
research deals with international interventions into civil conflicts and the
dynamics of international rivalry.
Helen E.S. Nesadurai is Professor of International Political Economy at the
School of Arts and Social Sciences, Monash University Malaysia. While con-
tinuing work on inter-g overnmental regional institutions such as ASEAN, her
research has expanded to consider other forms of authority such as trans-
national private regulation and how these relate to national and regional gov-
ernance in addressing environmental and social justice issues in Southeast
Asia. She is currently co- leading (with Shaun Breslin from Warwick) the final