Nonlinear RF Circuits and Nonlinear Vector Network Analyzers

299 Pages·2012·6.41 MB·English

NonlinearRFCircuitsandNonlinearVectorNetworkAnalyzers
With increasingly low-cost and power-efficient RF electronics being demanded by
today’s wireless communication systems, it is essential to keep up to speed with new
developments.Thisbookpresentskeyadvancesinthefieldthatyouneedtoknowabout
andemergingpatternsinlarge-signalmeasurementtechniques,modeling,andnonlinear
circuitdesigntheorysupportedbypracticalexamples.
Topicscoveredinclude:
• novellarge-signalmeasurementtechniquesthathavebecomeavailablewiththeintro-
ductionofnonlinearvectornetworkanalyzers(NVNAs),suchastheLSNA,PNA-X,
andSWAP
• directextractionofdevicemodelsfromlarge-signalRFdynamicloadlines
• characterizationofmemoryeffects(self-heating,traps)withpulsedRFmeasurements
• interactivedesignofpower-efficientamplifiers(PAs)andoscillatorsusingultra-fast
multi-harmonicactiveload-pull
• Volterraandpoly-harmonicdistortion(X-parameters)behavioralmodeling
• oscillatorphasenoisetheory
• balancing,modeling,andpoly-harmoniclinearizationofbroadbandRFICmodulators
• developmentofafrequency-selectivepredistortertolinearizePAs
PATRICK ROBLIN is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer
EngineeringatOhioStateUniversity(OSU).HehasworkedatOSUsince1984,after
receivinghisD.Sc.degreeinelectricalengineeringfromWashingtonUniversity.Heis
thefounderoftheNonlinearRFResearchLaboratoryatOSUandpreviouslyco-wrote
thebookHigh-SpeedHeterostructureDevices(CambridgeUniversityPress,2002).
THE CAMBRIDGE RF AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERING SERIES
SeriesEditor,
SteveC.Cripps,DistinguishedResearchProfessor,CardiffUniversity
Peter Aaen, Jaime Plá and John Wood, Modeling and Characterization of RF and Microwave
PowerFETs
Dominique Schreurs, Máirtín O’Droma, Anthony A. Goacher and Michael Gadringer, RF
AmplifierBehavioralModeling
Fan Yang and Yahya Rahmat-Samii, Electromagnetic Band Gap Structures in Antenna
Engineering
EnricoRubiola,PhaseNoiseandFrequencyStabilityinOscillators
EarlMcCune,PracticalDigitalWirelessSignals
StepanLucyszyn,AdvancedRFMEMS
Forthcoming
Matthias Rudolph, Christian Fager and David E. Root, Nonlinear Transistor Model Parameter
ExtractionTechniques
SorinVoinigescu,High-FrequencyIntegratedCircuits
DavidE.Root,JasonHornandJanVerspecht,X-Parameters
JohnL.B.Walker,HandbookofRFandMicrowaveSolid-StatePowerAmplifiers
JohnWood,PeterAaenandMohamedSayed,ModernRFMicrowaveMeasurementTechniques
RichardCarter,TheoryandDesignofMicrowaveTubes
Anh-VuH.Pham,MorganJ.ChenandKuniaAihara,LCPforMicrowavePackagesandModules
Nuno Borges Carvalho and Dominique Scheurs, Microwave and Wireless Measurement
Techniques
Nonlinear RF Circuits and
Nonlinear Vector Network
Analyzers
Interactive Measurement and Design Techniques
PATRICK ROBLIN
OhioStateUniversity
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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àGloria

Contents
Preface pagexi
Acknowledgments xiv
1 Wirelesssignals 1
1.1 Modernwirelesscommunications 1
1.2 OFDMprimer 3
1.3 ImpactofclippingonOFDM 9
1.4 Spectralregrowthandclipping 12
1.5 Metrics 13
1.6 Multisine 14
References 15
2 Large-signalvectormeasurementtechniqueswithNVNAs 17
2.1 MeasurementofRFsignals 17
2.2 Principleofoperationofvectorlarge-signalmeasurements 19
2.3 Sampler-basedprincipleofoperation 23
2.4 Relativeandabsolutepowerandharmonicphasecalibrations 27
2.4.1 Calibrationforconnectorizeddevices 27
2.4.2 On-wafercalibration 33
2.5 TunerdeembeddingwiththeLSNA 35
2.5.1 Definitions 36
2.5.2 Extractionofβ ,γ ,andδ inTC 38
C C C
2.5.3 Extractionof(1/K )TP 38
C
2.5.4 ExtractionofLRRM(Z ) 39
x
2.6 ModulatedmeasurementsandIFcalibration 39
2.6.1 AbsolutetimereferencecalibrationforRFmodulatedmeasurements 40
2.7 BroadbandmeasurementswiththeLSNA 42
2.7.1 Principleofphasecalibration 44
2.7.2 Experimentalresultsanddiscussions 48
2.8 Pulsed-RFsmall-andlarge-signalmeasurements 51
2.8.1 Analysisofpulsed-RFsignals 52
2.8.2 PulsedI–V pulsed-RFmeasurementsystemwiththeLSNA 53
viii Contents
2.8.3 Measurementbandwidth 55
2.8.4 Envelopeanalysisofpulsed-RFsignals 56
2.9 Multiplerecordingofpulsed-RFsignals 58
2.9.1 MultiplerecordingforCWsignals 59
2.9.2 Multiplerecordingforjointlypulsedandmodulatedsignals 62
References 63
3 DevicemodelingandverificationwithNVNAmeasurements 66
3.1 Modelverification 66
3.2 Modelsymmetry 72
3.3 Deviceparasitics 75
3.4 Modelextractionfrompower-sweepmeasurements 81
3.5 Modelextractionfromdynamicloadlinemeasurements 83
References 87
4 CharacterizationandmodelingofmemoryeffectsinRFpowertransistors 89
4.1 ImportanceofmemoryeffectsinRFdevices 89
4.2 Distributedandtransientmodelsforself-heatinginpowertransistors 90
4.2.1 Steady-statethermalmodeling 90
4.2.2 Implementationofthedistributedthermalmodel 92
4.2.3 Transientthermalresponse 94
4.2.4 Modelingofthetransientthermalresponse 96
4.3 Identificationofself-heatingusingpulsedI–V pulsed-RFmeasurements 98
4.3.1 CWdynamicloadlinemeasurementsystem 99
4.3.2 PulsedI–V pulsed-RFloadlinemeasurementsystem 99
4.3.3 OriginoftheI–V kneewalk-outintheCW-RFloadlines 100
4.4 TrappinginGaNHEMTs 103
4.5 CharacterizationwithacombinedLSNA/DLOSsystem 105
4.6 Quasi-staticdeviceparasitics 108
4.7 Rateequationforphysicalmodelingoftrappingeffects 111
4.8 Two-trap-levelmodel 113
4.9 Cyclostationaryeffect 115
4.9.1 Theory 115
4.9.2 Experimentalinvestigations 116
References 120
5 Interactiveloadline-baseddesignofRFpoweramplifiers 124
5.1 Reviewofpoweramplifiersofvariousclasses(A–F) 124
5.2 Outputterminationwithload-pullmeasurements 134
5.2.1 Activeload-pullmeasurements 135
5.2.2 Real-timeactiveload-pullmeasurements 136
5.3 Class-FdesignwithRTALP 140
Contents ix
5.4 CompletedesigncycleforapHEMTamplifier 147
5.5 RTALPofPAsforpulsedI–V pulsed-RFclass-Boperation 150
5.6 P1dBcontourplot 154
5.7 Class-EPAoperation 155
References 158
6 Behavioralmodeling 160
6.1 BehavioralmodelforSISOandMIMOsystems 160
6.2 Volterramodeling 161
6.2.1 Volterraalgorithm 162
6.2.2 Modelderivation 165
6.2.3 Analyticexample 168
6.2.4 Modelextraction 171
6.2.5 Experimentalmodelextractionandvalidation 172
6.2.6 Phasereference 174
6.2.7 Poly-harmonicdistortionmodel(PHD) 175
6.3 Single-bandmulti-harmonicenvelopePAmodel 179
6.3.1 Inputsignal 180
6.3.2 OrthogonalChaillotexpansion 180
6.3.3 Memorylessnonlinearsystemmodeling 183
6.3.4 Quasi-memorylessnonlinearsystemmodeling 185
6.3.5 Power-seriesexpansion 186
6.3.6 Multi-pathmodelpartitioning 187
6.3.7 Time-selectivesingle-bandmulti-harmonicenvelope
PAmodel 187
6.4 Two-bandfundamentalenvelopePAmodel 190
6.4.1 Nonlinearpower-amplifiercharacterizationwithNVNA 192
6.4.2 Extensiontohigher-ordernonlinearities 194
6.4.3 Modulatedtwo-bandmodel 195
6.5 Appendix:Volterraseriesexpansionforafour-toneexcitation 198
References 200
7 Kurokawatheoryofoscillatordesignandphase-noisetheory 201
7.1 Oscillatoroperatingpoint 201
7.2 Kurokawatheoryofoscillators 203
7.3 Vectormeasurementofdevicelinewithreal-timeactiveload-pull 207
7.3.1 Testoscillatorcircuit 207
7.3.2 Real-timemulti-harmonicactiveload-pullsystem 208
7.3.3 Experimentalresults 209
7.3.4 Self-oscillationtest 213
7.4 Impactofwhitenoiseonanoscillator 215
7.5 Impactof1/f noiseonanoscillator 222
7.5.1 DerivationofSa,1/f((cid:5)ω) 223
x Contents
7.5.2 Derivationof Sφ,1/f((cid:5)ω) 224
7.5.3 RangeofvalidityoftheKurokawaequations 227
7.6 Injectionlockingandadditivephase-noisemeasurements 229
7.6.1 Theory 229
7.6.2 Experimentalmeasurements 233
References 235
8 Design,modeling,andlinearizationofmixers,modulators,anddemodulators 237
8.1 VectorcharacterizationofanI–Qmodulator 237
8.1.1 BalancingofanI–Qmodulator 237
8.1.2 Kmodeling 238
8.1.3 I–QmodulatorcharacterizationwithLSNA 240
8.1.4 KmodelingofanI–QmodulatorandanI–Qdemodulatorchain 243
8.2 Polyphasemulti-pathtechnique 248
8.2.1 Nonlinearbehavior 249
8.2.2 Polyphasemulti-pathtechnique 249
8.3 Poly-harmonicmodelingofasingle-sidebandmodulator 253
8.3.1 Theory 253
8.3.2 Poly-harmonicpredistortionlinearizationtestresults 257
References 261
9 LinearizationofRFpoweramplifierswithmemory 262
9.1 Predistortionlinearizationandtheimpactofmemoryeffects 262
9.2 Predistortionforquasi-memorylessamplifiers 266
9.3 LinearizationforPAsmodeledwithmemorypolynomials 269
9.4 Two-bandfrequency-selectivepredistorter 274
References 279
Index 280