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PleaseviewavailabletitlesinSpringerSeriesinOpticalSciences
onserieshomepagehttp://www.springer.com/series/624
Jianquan Yao
Yuye Wang
Nonlinear Optics
and Solid-State Lasers
Advanced Concepts,
Tuning-Fundamentals
and Applications
With 537 Figures
123
JianquanYao
YuyeWang
InstituteofLaserandOptoelectronics
CollegeofPrecisionInstrumentandOptoelectronicsEngineering
WeiJinRoad92,300072Tianjin,China,People’sRepublic
[email protected],[email protected]
SpringerSeriesinOpticalSciences ISSN0342-4111 e-ISSN1556-1534
ISBN978-3-642-22788-2 e-ISBN978-3-642-22789-9
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-22789-9
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber: 2011944224
©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2012
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Preface
Since the appearance of the laser 60 years ago, laser technology has been widely
appliedtocommunication,industry,measurement,display,imaging,storage,enter-
tainment,medicine,andmilitary.Itplayssuchanimportantrolethatitisirreplace-
ableinmanyoccasions.
The expansion and further development of laser technology and application
requireslaseroutputpowerandconversionefficiencytobehigherandhigherwhile
laser wavelength range to be wider and wider, even to be tunable. The former
leadstothedevelopmentofall-solid-statelaser(DPL)andtunablelasertechnology
(TLT),andthelatterrequiresnonlinearopticalfrequencyconversion(NOFC).This
book,inthebackgroundoflaserapplication,isthecombinationofnonlinearoptics,
all-solid-statetechnologyandlasertunabletechnology.
The R&D and industrialization of DPL has nowadays been the hot spot of
international laser technology. In recent 10 years, DPL developed rapidly with
the device and technology improved greatly. In particular, the development of
high-power DPL leads the laser application technology to a new stage. So it is
necessary to systematically and comprehensively summarize DPL-related theory,
experimental research, design methods, and relevant technology, which could
definitelyandeffectivelypromotethedevelopmentofDPLlasertechnology.
The book includes following contents (1) theoretic analysis and calculation of
three-wave interaction in nonlinear optical crystals, (2) nonlinear optics mixing
theory and technology special on second-harmonicgeneration, optical parametric
oscillator, and quasi-phase matching technology, (3) the principle, device, and
technologyofall-solid-statelasersspecialonRGBlasers,and(4)thetunablelaser
technology,specialonmaterialsandtitanium-dopedsapphirelasers.
It is a monograph of integration of theory and practice in the field which
includes relative theory, calculation, design, technology, experimental scheme,
data and results discussing, and some applications. The book makes systematic
summarization and integrated analysis of international achievements among last
20yearsinthisfield.
This book provides insights into the realization of the combination of non-
linear optics and laser tunable technology. It discusses the basics theory and also
v
vi Preface
introduces the technical approach of realization and design of specific devices.
More than 900formulasand 500 graphspresentedin this bookdisplay the reader
the theoryand technology.Someof them arealso universallyinstructiveforother
relevantfields.
Thebookcoversthelatestinternationalachievementsofthisfield.Igavelectures
and did collaborative researches in USA, Germany, UK, France, Hong Kong,
and Taiwan for many times, and had useful discussions with many professors,
such as Prof. A. E. Siegman (Stanford University), Prof. E. Gamire (USC),
E.W. Plummer (U. Penn), Prof. A. F. Garito (U. Penn), Prof. R. Miles (Princeton
University), H. Weber (Berlin Industray University), Prof. J. Zyss (France), Prof.
W.SibbettandM.Dunn(St.Andrews),Prof.H.S.Kwok(HongKongUniversityof
Science&Technology),andZ.Z.Yang(TaiwanUniversity).Theyalsogavesome
practicalsuggestionsforthisbook.Thenameofthisbookisfromthesuggestionby
Prof.H.Weber.
I should thank Academician Daheng Wang’s great guidance for my research
work.
During20yearsofmyengaginginteachingandscienceresearchworkonlaser
physics, laser technology, and laser application, I had completed many science
researchprojects,trainedoveronehundredgraduatestudentsandpostdoctors,and
publishedthreebooksinChinese.Thisbookincludestheresearchresultof20years’
hardbutfruitfulworkofallmembersandgraduatestudentsundermyleadershipin
InstituteofLaser&OptoelectronicsinTianjinUniversity.
Dr.YuyeWang,coauthorandmystudent,didalotoforganizationalpaperwork,
suchasdatacollection,collation,andfiguremaking.
Prof. Yaqiu Jin from Fudan University made thorough collation for this book,
hereonIexpressmydeepgratitudeforProf.Jin,andforallmyfriends,colleagues,
andmystudentsfortheirkindhelpandsinceresupport.
ThisbookisdedicatedtomyAlmaMaterTianjinUniversityandSuzhouSenior
High School and also dedicated to my family who wholeheartedly supported my
workfordecades.
Itwillbehelpfulforuniversityteachers,graduatestudents,undergraduatesand
librariesinthisfield,aswellastheincreasingnumbersofscientistsandengineers
enteringinthisfield.
Tianjin,China JianquanYao
July2011 YuyeWang
Contents
1 Analysisand Calculationof Three-WaveInteraction
inNonlinearOpticalCrystal.............................................. 1
1.1 Tensors, Polarizability Tensors, and Electric
PolarizationVectors.................................................. 1
1.1.1 DefinitionofTensors[1] ................................... 1
1.1.2 TensorAlgebraicCalculation.............................. 2
1.1.3 PolarizabilityTensors[2]................................... 4
1.1.4 ClassicalDescriptionofPolarizability .................... 5
1.1.5 NonlinearElectric PolarizationVectors
inThree-DimensionalSpaces.............................. 8
1.1.6 MacroscopicQualitiesofPolarizabilityTensor........... 9
1.2 OpticalCharactersofNonlinearCrystals........................... 10
1.2.1 OpticalClassificationofNonlinearOpticalCrystals ..... 10
1.2.2 PropagationofMonochromaticPlaneWave
inNonlinearCrystals....................................... 11
1.3 Phase Matching and Nonlinear Coefficients
ofThree-WaveInteractioninUniaxialCrystals .................... 17
1.3.1 The Phase-Matching Conditions
andtheAngularPhaseMatching .......................... 18
1.3.2 Walk-offAngle ............................................. 23
1.3.3 AcceptanceAnglesofAngularPhaseMatching.......... 24
1.3.4 NoncriticalPhaseMatching................................ 28
1.3.5 EffectiveNonlinearCoefficient
ofThree-WaveInteraction ................................. 31
1.4 Phase Matching and Nonlinear Coefficients
oftheThree-WaveInteractioninBiaxialCrystals.................. 35
1.4.1 PhaseMatchinginBiaxialCrystals........................ 35
1.4.2 Calculation of the Effective Nonlinear
CoefficientinBiaxialCrystals............................. 39
vii
viii Contents
1.4.3 CalculationofthePhase-MatchingAngle
and the EffectiveNonlinearCoefficient
inTypicalBiaxialCrystals................................. 45
1.5 Calculation of the Acceptance Parameters
ofThree-WaveInteraction........................................... 52
1.5.1 SmallSignalApproximation............................... 53
1.5.2 Efficiency and Acceptance Parameters
forPhaseMismatching..................................... 61
1.6 Walk-OffAngleinBiaxialCrystal .................................. 66
1.6.1 CalculationoftheWalk-OffAngleinBiaxialCrystal.... 67
1.6.2 EffectoftheWalk-OffAngleinBiaxialCrystal.......... 69
1.7 ThermalEffectsandItsEffectontheThree-WaveInteraction..... 74
1.7.1 Self-thermalEffects ........................................ 74
1.7.2 TemperatureDistribution................................... 76
1.7.3 EffectoftheTemperatureDistributiononEfficiency..... 82
1.8 NoncollinearPhaseMatching ....................................... 83
1.8.1 NoncollinearPhaseMatchinginUniaxial
Crystals[23] ................................................ 83
1.8.2 NoncollinearPhaseMatchinginBiaxialCrystals ........ 88
1.9 ExamplesofNonlinearCrystals..................................... 90
1.9.1 B(cid:2)BaB2O4(BBO)......................................... 90
1.9.2 LiB3O5(LBO)............................................... 96
1.9.3 KTiOPO4(KTP)............................................. 102
1.9.4 CsLiB6O10(CLBO) ........................................ 108
1.9.5 KBBF ....................................................... 116
References.................................................................... 123
2 NonlinearOpticalFrequencyMixingTheory........................... 125
2.1 CoupledWaveEquations[1–9]...................................... 126
2.1.1 Steady-StateCoupledWaveEquations.................... 126
2.1.2 TransientCoupledWaveEquations........................ 127
2.1.3 Manley–RoweRelations ................................... 128
2.2 Steady-State Small-Signal Solution of Optical
FrequencyDoublingandMixing.................................... 129
2.3 GeneralSolutiontoSteady-StateCoupledWave
InteractionEquation.................................................. 131
2.3.1 FrequencyDoublingSolutionofType-I
PhaseMatching............................................. 134
2.3.2 FrequencyDoublingSolutionofType-II
PhaseMatching............................................. 140
2.4 FrequencyDoublingSolution of 3-Dimensional
CoupledWaveEquation[3,5]....................................... 150
2.5 TheoryandExperimentsofExtracavityFrequencyDoubling..... 153
2.5.1 ExtracavityFrequencyDoublingwith
FocusedGaussianBeams .................................. 154
2.5.2 ExamplesforExtracavityFrequencyDoubling........... 158
Contents ix
2.6 Theoryof Gaussian-Like Distribution:Basis for
Multimode(MixedMode)FrequencyDoubling.................... 160
2.6.1 TransverseDistributionofMultimodeBeam ............. 160
2.6.2 CharacteristicsofMultimodeBeam....................... 167
2.6.3 Propagation and Transformation of
Gaussian-LikeBeamInaHomogeneousMedium........ 168
2.6.4 MeasurementofMultimodeCoefficientM ............... 170
2.7 FrequencyDoublingofGaussian-LikeBeams[1].................. 173
References.................................................................... 177
3 Theory and Technology of Frequency Doubling
andFrequencyMixingLasers............................................. 179
3.1 AnalysisofRateEquationsforIntracavitySHGLaser ............ 180
3.1.1 DerivationofRateEquations .............................. 180
3.1.2 SolutionsofRateEquationsandResultAnalysis......... 183
3.2 Design and Experimental Study on
FundamentalModeSHGYAGLaser ............................... 185
3.2.1 Optimal OperationConditionsof SHG
DevicesinFundamentalModeSHGYAGLaser ......... 186
3.2.2 OptimalOperationConditionsofAcousto-
OpticModulatorinFundamentalModeSHG
YAGLaser .................................................. 192
3.2.3 Parameters of the Resonant Cavity
inFundamentalModeSHGYAGLaser................... 194
3.2.4 OptimalOutputCouplingof Intracavity
FrequencyDoublingLaser................................. 197
3.2.5 AnalysisoftheStabilityoftheFundamental
ModeSHGYAGLaser..................................... 202
3.2.6 Designing the Water-Cooling System
ofFundamentalModeSHGYAGLaser................... 204
3.2.7 The ExperimentalResult andthe Gross
StructureDesignofFundamentalModeSHG
YAGLaser .................................................. 206
3.3 High Power Multimode Intracavity Frequency
DoublingYAGLaser................................................. 209
3.3.1 ThePrincipleofImprovementinFrequency
DoublingEfficiencywithQuasi-Continuous-
WaveOperation............................................. 210
3.3.2 Analysis of Thermal Effects
underQuasi-Continuous-WaveOperation
andRelatedExperiments[10].............................. 213
3.4 FrequencyMixingofUltrashortPulse .............................. 217
3.4.1 GroupVelocityCharacteristicinaDispersive
Medium[28,29]............................................ 218
x Contents
3.4.2 PhaseMatchingConditionsforUltrashort
Pulses and Effects of Group-Velocity
MismatchingandDispersion............................... 222
3.4.3 HarmonicWave GenerationofUltrashort
Pulses[29] .................................................. 225
3.4.4 Four-WaveMixingofUltrashortPulses................... 241
References.................................................................... 243
4 OpticalParametricOscillator............................................. 245
4.1 AnalysisontheCharacteristicsofthePulsedOPO................. 247
4.1.1 TheOPOModelandItsCoupledWaveEquation ........ 247
4.1.2 CharacteristicAnalysisoftheLongPulse
PumpedOPO ............................................... 251
4.2 SynchronouslyPumpedOpticalParametricOscillator............. 257
4.2.1 TheModelandtheCoupledWaveEquations
ofSinglyResonantSynchronouslyPumped
OpticalParametricOscillator[19]......................... 258
4.2.2 TheSolutionIgnoringWalk-OffEffect
andGroupVelocityDispersion ............................ 260
4.2.3 InfluenceofWalk-OffEffect............................... 262
4.2.4 InfluenceofGroupVelocityandtheFinalExpression.... 263
4.2.5 CharacteristicAnalysisofSynchronously
PumpedOpticalParametricOscillator .................... 265
4.3 ConversionEfficiencyandLinewidthCharacteristics
ofOPO................................................................ 267
4.3.1 TheEffectofthe Relative Phase andthe
DetuningofThreeWavesonConversionEfficiency...... 267
4.3.2 LinewidthofOPO.......................................... 274
4.4 ExamplesofOPOsBasedonTypicalCrystals ..................... 281
4.4.1 Barium-Beta-BorateOPO[20,22–37]..................... 281
4.4.2 Lithium-TriborateOPO[21,38–46]....................... 283
4.4.3 Silver-Gallium-Selenide(AgGaSe )OPO
2
[47–51]...................................................... 284
4.4.4 Kalium-Titan-PhosphateCrystal and
KTP–OPO[52–61]......................................... 284
4.4.5 Magnesium-Oxide:LiNbO3(MgO)OPO[64–66]........ 289
4.4.6 ExperimentalResults in Temperature
Tuning Singly and Doubly Resonant
OscillatorsBasedonMgOWLiNbO ...................... 300
3
4.5 Terahertz-WaveParametricOscillatorandGenerator.............. 308
4.5.1 IntroductionofTerahertzWave............................ 308
4.5.2 TheTheoryofTPGUsingPolaritons...................... 310
4.5.3 TheTypicalExperiments................................... 313
4.6 FutureTendency...................................................... 315
References.................................................................... 317
