Nonlinear Optical Borate Crystals, Principles and Applications

402 Pages·2012·5.972 MB·English

by  Prof. Chuangtian Chen, Prof. Takatamo Sasaki, Prof. Rukang Li, Prof. Yincheng Wu, Dr. Zheshuai Lin, Dr. Yusuke Mori, Prof. Zhangui Hu, Prof. Jiyang Wang, Prof. Satoshi Uda, Prof. Masashi Yoshimura, Dr. Yushi Kaneda(auth.)

C.Chen,T.Sasaki,R.Li,Y.Wu,
Z.Lin,Y.Mori,Z.Hu,J.Wang,
S. Uda, M. Yoshimura, and
Y. Kaneda
Nonlinear Optical Borate
Crystals
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Yushi Kaneda
Nonlinear Optical Borate Crystals
Principles and Applications
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V
Contents
Preface XI
List of Contributors XV
Acknowledgments XVII
1 Introduction 1
ChuangtianChen,Takatomosasaki,andRukangLi
1.1 HistoryoftheTheoreticalUnderstandingofNonlinear
OpticalCrystals 1
1.2 HistoryofDevelopmentofNLOBorateCrystals 4
1.3 HistoryofCrystalsforFrequencyConversion 7
1.3.1 FrequencyConversionEfficiencyofSecondHarmonicGeneration 7
1.3.2 MethodstoObtainHigherEfficiencyforFrequencyConversion 8
1.3.3 DesirableConditionsforFrequencyConversionCrystals 8
1.3.4 HistoryofCrystalsandTechniquesforFrequencyConversion 9
References 11
2 TheoreticalBasisfortheDevelopmentofBorateNonlinearOptical
Crystals 15
ChuangtianChenandZheshuaiLin
2.1 TheAnionicGroupTheoryanditsApproximateQuantum
ChemicalMethods 16
2.1.1 TheoreticalModel 16
2.1.2 MolecularOrbitalCalculationMethod 20
2.1.2.1 TheCNDO-TypeApproximation 21
2.1.2.2 TheEHMO-TypeApproximation 24
2.2 TheSHGCoefficientsforTypicalNLOCrystalsCalculated
withtheAnionicGroupTheory 25
2.2.1 ThePerovskiteandTungsten-BronzeTypeofCrystals 25
2.2.1.1 NiobateCrystals 25
2.2.1.2 SrTiO ,BaTiO ,KTaO Crystals 27
3 3 3
2.2.2 IodateCrystals 29
2.2.3 ThePhosphateCrystals 32
VI Contents
2.2.4 TheMolybdateCrystals 33
2.2.5 TheNa SbF Crystal 34
2 5
2.2.6 KB O (cid:1)4H OorK[B O (OH) ](cid:1)2H O(KB )Crystal 36
5 8 2 5 6 4 2 5
2.2.7 TheNaNO Crystal 37
2
2.3 TheRelationshipbetweentheAnionicGroupandtheAbsorption
EdgeofInorganicCrystalsontheUVSide 39
2.3.1 TheModelandApproximation 39
2.3.2 AbsorptionEdgeCalculationsfortheIsolatedAnionic
GroupType 44
2.3.2.1 ElectronicStructureofb-BaB O (BBO) 44
2 4
2.3.2.2 ElectronicStructureofLiB O (LBO) 47
3 5
2.3.2.3 ElectronicStructureofKBe BO F (KBBF) 49
2 3 2
2.3.2.4 ElectronicStructureofKB O (cid:1)4H O 52
5 8 2
2.3.2.5 ElectronicStructureofKH PO (KDP) 55
2 4
2.3.2.6 ElectronicStructureofNa SbF 57
2 5
2.3.2.7 ElectronicStructureofIodateCrystalsandNaNO Crystal 57
2
2.3.3 Summary 60
2.4 AbinitioCalculationsontheLinearandNonlinearOpticalProperties
ofBorateandOtherCrystals 61
2.4.1 ComputationalMethods 62
2.4.2 CalculationsandAnalysisforBorateCrystals 65
2.4.2.1 BBOandLBOFamilyCrystals 65
2.4.2.2 KBBF,BaAlBO F (BABF)andSr Be B O (SBBO)Family
3 2 2 2 2 7
Crystals 68
2.4.2.3 BIBOCrystal 71
2.4.3 CalculationsandAnalysisforOtherNLOCrystals 74
2.4.3.1 NaNO 74
2
2.4.3.2 Na SbF 76
2 5
2.4.3.3 KH PO (KDP) 77
2 4
2.5 TheComputer-AssistedMolecularDesignSystemforSearching
NewNLOCrystals 79
2.5.1 MaterialRequirementsforNLODevices 79
2.5.2 TheoreticalEvaluation 82
2.6 TheDevelopmentsofNewNLOCrystalsinBorateSeries 87
2.6.1 TheBasicStructuralUnitsinBorateSeriesandTheirNLOand
LOProperties 87
2.6.1.1 TheSecond-OrderSusceptibilitiesoftheBorateGroups 93
2.6.1.2 TheBandGapsoftheBorateGroups 100
2.6.2 TheDevelopmentofNewNLOBorateCrystalswithMolecular
EngineeringApproach 101
2.6.2.1 TheHistoryofDiscoveringBBO 101
2.6.2.2 FromBBOtoLBO 102
2.6.2.3 FromBBOtoLBOtoKBBFCrystal 103
2.6.2.4 FromKBBFtoSBBOFamily 106
References 109
Contents VII
3 BorateNonlinearOpticalCrystalsforFrequencyConversion 117
ChuangtianChen,YichengWu,MasashiYoshimura,TakatomoSasaki,
YusukeMori,RukangLi,andZhangguiHu
3.1 b-BaB O (BBO) 117
2 4
3.1.1 Single-CrystalGrowthofBBO 118
3.1.2 LinearOpticalPropertiesofBBO 120
3.1.3 NonlinearOpticalPropertiesoftheBBO
Crystal 122
3.1.4 MajorApplications 127
3.2 LBOFamily 131
3.2.1 LiB O (LBO) 131
3 5
3.2.1.1 Single-CrystalGrowthofLBO 132
3.2.1.2 LinearOpticalPropertiesofLBO 135
3.2.1.3 NonlinearOpticalCoefficientsofLBO 136
3.2.1.4 MajorApplications 145
3.2.2 CsB O (CBO) 153
3 5
3.2.2.1 Single-CrystalGrowthofCBO 154
3.2.2.2 LinearOpticalPropertiesofCBO 156
3.2.2.3 NonlinearOpticalPropertiesoftheCrystal 157
3.2.2.4 MajorApplications 159
3.2.3 CsLiB O (CLBO) 161
6 10
MasashiYoshimura,TakatomoSasaki,andYusukeMori
3.2.3.1 BasicStructuralProperties 161
3.2.3.2 LinearandNonlinearOpticalProperties 161
3.2.3.3 DegradationofCLBOCrystallinityandSolution 165
3.2.3.4 AdvancedGrowthTechnologyforHigh-Quality
CLBO 165
3.2.3.5 IonBeamEtchingforEnhancementofSurfaceDamage
Resistance 170
3.2.3.6 MajorApplications 171
3.3 KBe BO F (KBBF)Family 178
2 3 2
3.3.1 KBBFFamilyCrystals 178
3.3.1.1 KBBFCrystal 178
3.3.1.2 RbBe (BO )F (RBBF)Crystal 202
2 3 2
3.3.1.3 CsBe BO F (CBBF)Crystal 213
2 3 2
3.3.2 K Al B O (KABO) 224
2 2 2 7
3.3.3 BaAlBO F (BABF) 233
3 2
3.3.3.1 CrystalStructureRedetermination 234
3.3.3.2 Single-CrystalGrowthofBABF 237
3.3.3.3 LinearandNonlinearOpticalProperties
ofBABF 239
3.3.3.4 Laser-InducedDamage 244
3.3.3.5 CapabilityforProducingUVHarmonic
Generation 244
References 246
VIII Contents
4 OtherBorateCrystals 261
YichengWu,MasashiYoshimura,TakatomoSasaki,YusukeMori,
JiyangWang,andSatoshiUda
4.1 La CaB O (LCB) 261
2 10 19
YichengWu
4.1.1 SynthesisandCrystalGrowthofLCBandRE:LCB 261
4.1.2 BasicPhysicalandOpticalPropertiesofLCB
andRE:LCB 263
4.1.3 TheNonlinearPropertiesofLCBandRE:LCB 264
4.1.4 LaserandOtherOpticalApplicationsofLCB
Crystals 265
4.1.4.1 SFDApplicationofNd:LCB 265
4.1.4.2 SHGandTHGApplicationsofLCB 265
4.1.4.3 OtherApplicationsofLCB 266
4.2 Ca YO(BO ) (YCOB) 266
4 33
MasashiYoshimura,TakatomoSasaki,andYusukeMori
4.2.1 DevelopmentofReCOBFamily 266
4.2.2 BasicStructuralProperties 267
4.2.3 LinearandNonlinearOpticalProperties 268
4.2.4 MajorApplications 272
4.2.4.1 THGofNd:YAGLaserRadiation 272
4.2.4.2 SHGofNd:YAGLaserRadiation 272
4.2.4.3 Self-FrequencyDoubling 274
4.3 GdCa O(BO ) (GdCOB) 275
4 33
JiyangWang
4.3.1 GdCOBCrystalStructure 275
4.3.2 GdCOBSingle-CrystalGrowth 276
4.3.3 BasicPhysicalPropertyofGdCOB 278
4.3.4 TheNonlinearPropertiesofGdCOB 279
4.3.5 ApplicationsofGdCOBCrystals 282
4.3.5.1 SecondHarmonicGenerationforGdCOB 283
4.3.5.2 GdCOBUsedforaLaserHostCrystal 284
4.3.5.3 Nd:GdCOB:APracticalSFDCrystal 286
4.4 BismuthTriborate 288
JiyangWang
4.4.1 CrystalStructureandPhasesofBiBO 288
4.4.2 CrystalGrowthofa-BiBO 290
4.4.3 TheBasicPhysicalPropertiesofBiBO 291
4.4.4 TheNonlinearPropertiesofBiBO 293
4.4.5 ApplicationsofBiBOCrystal 297
4.4.5.1 BiBOUsedforSHG 297
4.4.5.2 BiBOCrystalUsedforSumandDirectThirdHarmonic
Generation 299
4.4.5.3 BiBOCrystalUsedforOPOandOPA 300
4.5 GdxY1(cid:2)xCa4O(BO3)3(GdCOB) 301
Contents IX
MasashiYoshimura,TakatomoSasaki,andYusukeMori
4.5.1 BasicProperties 301
4.5.2 MajorApplications 302
4.5.2.1 NCPMTHGforNd:YAGLaser 302
4.5.2.2 NCPMSHGforNd:YAGLaser 307
4.5.2.3 NCPMSHGforTi:SapphireLaser 308
4.6 Tetra-LBO 309
SatoshiUda
4.6.1 Introduction 309
4.6.2 OptimumCompositionfortheGrowthandNonlinear
PropertiesofLB4 310
4.6.2.1 CrystallizationElectromotiveForce 311
4.6.3 CrystalGrowthofLB4 312
4.6.3.1 ThermalTreatmentofLB4Melt 312
4.6.3.2 CrackingProblemduringGrowthfromtheUndercooledMelt 315
4.6.3.3 LB4CrystalGrowninPhase-MatchingDirections 318
4.6.4 CharacterizationofLB4GrownalongthePhase-Matching
Directions 319
4.6.4.1 OpticalHomogeneity 319
4.6.4.2 Scattering 320
4.6.4.3 LinearandNonlinearOpticalPropertiesofLB4 323
4.6.4.4 NonlinearOpticalProperties 325
4.6.4.5 FourthandFifthHarmonicGenerationofNd:YAGUsingthe
LB4Crystal 327
4.6.4.6 SumFrequencyGenerationofTunableVacuumUltraviolet
FemtosecondPulseswithLB4 328
4.6.4.7 LaserDamage 328
4.6.4.8 SurfaceDamageThreshold 329
4.6.5 FutureWork 332
4.6.6 Summary 333
References 334
5 Applications 343
YushiKaneda
5.1 FrequencyConversionTechniques 343
5.1.1 NormalizedConversionEfficiencyandFiguresofMerit 343
5.1.2 Single-PassConversion 347
5.1.3 ContinuousWaveHarmonicGeneration 348
5.1.4 CharacterizationofOpticalDevices 355
5.1.4.1 PhotothermalInterferometry 355
5.1.4.2 ResonatorMeasurement 355
5.1.4.3 FinesseMeasurement 358
5.2 IndustrialApplicationsofFrequency-ConvertedLasers 359
5.2.1 Stereolithography 359
5.2.2 ElectronicsIndustry 360
X Contents
5.2.2.1 ViaHoleDrilling 360
5.2.2.2 Marking 360
5.2.2.3 Trimming 361
5.2.2.4 DiskTexturing 361
5.2.3 MicroscopyandMetrology 361
5.2.3.1 ApplicationinOpticalDataStorage 363
5.2.4 FBGFabrication 364
5.3 AdvancedInstrumentMaking 365
ChuangtianChen
5.3.1 ThePhotoemissionSpectrograph 365
5.3.2 PhotoemissionElectronMicroscopy 368
5.3.3 StimulatedRamanSpectrometer(177.3nm) 370
References 374
Index 377