Nonlinear Models for Archaeology and Anthropology: Continuing the Revolution

197 Pages·2005·3.356 MB·English

by  Christopher Stockard Beekman, Christopher Stockard Beekman

NONLINEAR MODELS FOR ARCHAEOLOGY AND
ANTHROPOLOGY
In memory o/Ilya Prigogine
1917-2003
Nonlinear Models for
Archaeology and Anthropology
Continuing the Revolution
Edited by
s.
CHRISTOPHER BEEKMAN
University 0/ Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, USA
WILLIAM W. BADEN
Indiana University - Purdue University Fort Wayne, USA
First published 2005 by Ashgate Publishing
Published 2016 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
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Routledge is an imprint oft he Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright © 2005 Christopher S. Beekman and William W. Baden
Christopher S. Beekman and William W. Baden have asserted their right under the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editors ofthis work.
All rights reserved. No part ofthis book may be reprinted or reprodueed or utilised
in any form or by any eleetronie, meehaniea1, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, inc1uding photoeopying and reeording, or in any information
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Notiee:
Produet or eorporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks,
and are used only for identifieation and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Nonlinear models for archaeology and anthropology :
eontinuing the revolution
1. Social arehaeology 2. Nonlinear systems
I. Beekman, Christopher Stockard ll. Baden, William W.
930.1'01
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Nonlinear models for archaeology and antlrropology : continuing the revolution / edited
by Christopher S. Beekman and William W. Baden.
p.em.
Inc1udes bibliographieal referenees and index.
ISBN 0-7546-4319-0
I. Arehaeology--Mathematica1 models. 2. Nonlinear systems. I. Beekman, Christopher
Stoekard. ll. Baden, William W.
CC80.6.N66 2005
930.101 '51--dc22
2005024902
ISBN 9780754643197 (hbk)
Contents
List 01F igures vii
List olTables ix
List 01 Contributors xi
Prelace xv
Acknowledgements xvii
1 Continuing the Revolution 1
Christopher S. Beekman and William W. Baden
2 As Water for Fish: Human Groups as Complex Ecaptive Systems 13
Robert J. Hommon
3 Remember How to Organize: Heterarchy Across Disciplines 35
Carole L. Crumley
4 Agency, Collectivities, and Emergence: Social Theory and
Agent Based Simulations 51
Christopher S. Beekman
5 Factional Formation and Community Dynamies in Middle-Range
Societies 79
TammyStone
6 Modelling Prehistoric Maize Agriculture as a Dissipative Process 95
William W. Baden
7 Approaches to Modelling Archaeological Site Territories in the
Near East 123
T.J. Wilkinson
8 Afterword 139
J. Stephen Lansing and Robert L. AxteIl
Bibliography 147
Index 177
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List ofFigures
3.1 A heterarchy of nervous nets 39
3.2 Basic forms underlying the organization of all societies 49
4.1 Map ofthe Tequila valleys of central Jalisco, Mexico 71
4.2 Example shaft and chamber tomb used for elite interments
throughout western Mexico 72
4.3 Circle 5, Navajas, Jalisco, Mexico 74
4.4 Mapped portion ofthe ceremonial centre ofNavajas 77
5.1 Location ofHopi villages 86
6.1 Cumulative maize yields on treated and untreated plots at
Morrow Plots and Sanborn Field 112
6.2 Cumulative maize yields on treated and untreated
plots at Cullar's Rotation and Wooster's Experimental Station 113
6.3 Estimated attainable yields for Morrow Plots and
Sanborn Field 115
6.4 Estimated attainable yields for Cullar's Rotation and
Wooster's Experimental Station 116
6.5 Average available land from an initial 20,000 ha base (n=100
simulations) 121
7.1 Sketch depicting the basic elements of site catchment analysis for a
hypothetical coastal site showing different soil resource zones 1-3 126
7.2 Sketch depicting the basic elements of site sustaining areas
(shaded circles) in direct proportion to the size ofthe contained
archaeological sites (small black circles) 127
7.3 Sketch depicting the basic elements of site territory for the
neighbourhood of a Bronze Age tell in Upper Mesopotamia. The
inner zone (1) represents the dense field scatter, (2) the outer zone
of cultivation, and (3) the pasture on the steppe beyond 129
7.4 Sketch of an enlarged landscape associated with a simple
political economy. Arrows indicate the direction, but not the
scale, of the enlarged catchment of the wealth or network
economy. Shaded areas are cultivated land, neighbouring areas
in white are the village pasture lands, areas beyond are the
outlying pastures 131
7.5 Hollow way routes mapped for the central Khabur basin to the
north and west ofTell Brak, from Ur 2004 134
7.6 Result of the withdrawal of labour from a model community as
corvee or to fight a war. The spike shows the increased number
ofexchanges ofanimals (sold) for grain (purchased). Simulation
by J. Christiansen, courtesy of ANL Division ofInformation
Sciences 136
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List of Tables
3.1 Characteristics ofcomplexity 36
3.2 Paradigm showing general range of fit between modelling
strategies and different levels of ontological complexity in the
social system 37
3.3 Characteristics of authority structures: Hierarchies and heterarchies 43
3.4 Ellickson's Five Controllers that provide substantive rules govem-
ing behaviour 50
5.1 Timeline ofevents at Orayvi 88
6.1 Partial linear regression results on long-term, cumulative yields,
Yield = bt + c 114
6.2 Nonlinear regression results for the ratio of cumulative yields,
ft = a(tb) 114