Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials

532 Pages·1979·15.149 MB·English

by  L. V. Azároff (auth.), John J. Burke, Volker Weiss (eds.)

Nondestructive
Evaluation
of Materials
SAGAMORE ARMY MATERIALS
RESEARCH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
A va ilab Ie from Plenum Press
9th: Fundamentals of Deformation Processing
Edited by Walter A. Backofen, John J. Burke, Louis F. Coffm, Jr., Norman L. Reed,
and Volker Weiss
10th: Fatigue: An Interdisciplinary Approach
Edited by John J. Burke, Norman L. Reed, and Volker Weiss
12th: Strengthening Mechanisms: Metals and Ceramics
Edited by John J. Burke, Norman L. Reed, and Volker Weiss
13th: Surfaces and Interfaces I: Chemical and Physical Characteristics
Edited by Iohn J. Burke, Norman L. Reed, and Volker Weiss
14th: Surfaces and Interfaces n: Physical and Mechanical Properties
Edited by John J. Burke, Norman L. Reed, and Volker Weiss
15th: U1trafme-Grain Ceramics
Edited by John J. Burke, Norman L. Reed, and Volker Weiss
16th: U1trarme-Grain Metals
Edited by John J. Burke and Volker Weiss
17th: Shock Waves
Edited by John J. Burke and Volker Weiss
18th: Powder Metallurgy for High-Performance Applications
Edited by John J. Burke and Volker Weiss
19th: Block and Graft Copolymers
Edited by John J. Burke and Volker Weiss
20th: Characterization of Materials in Research: Ceramics and Polymers
Edited by John J. Burke and Volker Weiss
21st: Advances in Deformation Processing
Edited by John J. Burke and Volker Weiss
22nd: Application of Fracture Mechanics to Design
Edited by John J. Burke and Volker Weiss
23rd: Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials
Edited by John J. Burke and Volker Weiss
Forthcoming Volume
24th: Risk and Failure Analysis for Improved Performance and Reliability
Edited by John J. Burke and Volker Weiss
Nondestructive
Evaluation
of Materials
Edited by
John J. Burke
Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center
Watertown, Masllllchusetts
and
Volker Weiss
Syracuse University
Syracuse, New York
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Sagamore Army Materials Research Conference, 23d, Raquette Lake, N.Y., 1976.
Nondestructive evaluation of materials.
(Sagamore Army Materials Research Conference Proceedings: 23.)
Includes index.
1. Non-destructive testing-Congresses. 2. Munitions-Materials-Testing-Con-
gresses. I. Burke, John 1. II. Weiss, Volker, 1930- III. Title. IV. Series: Saga-
more Army Materials Research Conference. Proceedings; 23.
UF526.3.S3 no. 23 [TA417.2) 623'.028s [620.1'127)
ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-2954-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-2952-7
001: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2952-7 79-12538
Proceedings of the Twenty-third Sagamore Army Materials Research Conference
on the Nondestructive Characterization of Materials, held at the Sagamore
Conference Center, Raquette Lake, New York, August, 1976
© 1979 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 15t edition 1979
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
SAGAMORE CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
Chairman
JOHN J. BURKE
Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center
Program Director
VOLKER WEISS
Syracuse University
Secretary
ARAM TARPINIAN
Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center
Conference Coordinator
JOSEPH A. BERNIER
Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center
PROGRAM COMMITTEE
JOHN J. BURKE
Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center
M. J. BUCKLEY
Air Force Materials Laboratory
G.DARCY
Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center
H.HERGLOTZ
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company
GEORGE MAYER
Army Research Office
R. B. THOMPSON
Rockwell International Science Center
VOLKER WEISS
Syracuse University
S. WEISSMANN
Rutgers University
Arrangements at Sagamore Conference Center
Helen B. DeMascio
Syracuse University
Preface
The Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center of Water
town, Massachusetts in cooperation with the Materials Science
Group of the Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science of Syracuse University has conducted the Sagamore Army
Materials Research Conference since 1954. The main purpose of
these conferences has been to gather together over 150 scientists
and engineers from academic institutions, industry and government
who are uniquely qualified to explore in depth a subject of
importance to the Department of Defense, the Army and the scientific
community.
This volume NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF MATERIALS,
addresses the areas of x-ray, ultrasonics and other methods of
nondestructive testing.
We wish to acknowledge the dedicated assistance of Joseph
M. Bernier of the Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center
and Helen Brown DeMascio of Syracuse University throughout the
stages of the conference planning and finally the publication
of this book. Their help is deeply appreciated.
Syracuse University
Syracuse, New York The Editors
Contents
SESSION I
X-RAY
S. Heissman, Moderator
H. K. Herglotz, Moderator
1. Overview of X-Ray Diffraction Methods for
Nondestructive Testing • • • • • • • ••• 1
L. V. Azaroff
2. Detection of Fatigue Damage by X-Rays 21
S. Taira and K. Kamachi
3. A Historical Example of Fatigue Damage • • • • • • • 55
H. K. Herglotz
4. The Application of X-Ray Topography to Materials
Science .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
S. Weissman
5. Residual Stress Measurement by X-Rays: Errors,
Limitations and Applications • • • • • • 101
C. O. Ruud and G. D. Farmer
6. Flash X-Ray •••••••••• 117
Q. Johnson and D. Pellinen
7. Neutron Radiography for Nondestructive Testing ••• 151
J. John
8. Nondestructive Compositional Analysis 183
L. S. Birks
9. Review of European Advances in Nondestructive
XRD Test ing • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 195
E. Macherauch
ix
x CONTENTS
10. Polychromatic X-Ray Stress Analysis and Its
Application (Nondestructive Distribution
Measurement of Sub-Surface Physical
Quantities) . . . . . • • . . . . . . . • • • • 221
M. Nagao and S. Kusumoto
SESSION II
SONIC
T. Moran, Moderator
R. B. Thompson, Moderator
11. Overview of Ultrasonic NDE Research •••• 257
R. B. Thompson
12. Electromagnetic Ultrasonic Transducers 283
T. J. Moran
13. Ultrasonic Spectroscopy 299
O. R. Gericke
14. Acoustic Interactions with Internal Stresses in
Metals .. . . . • • . . . • . • . . . . • 321
O. Buck and R. B. Thompson
SESSION III
OPTICAL METHODS
G. Darcy, Moderator
15. Optical Probing of Acoustic Emission Waves 347
C. H. Palmer and R. E. Green, Jr.
16. Recognition and Analysis of Distributed Image
Information • • • • • • • • • • 379
M. G. Dreyfus
17. Moire Method - Its Potential Application to
NDT ••••••••• • • • • • • • • • 385
A. S. Kuo and H. W. Liu
18. Image Processing in Nondestructive Testing 409
D. H. Janney
19. Automated Detection of Cavities Present in the
High Explosive Filler of Artillery Shells 421
R. P. Kruger, D. H. Janney and
J. R. Breedlove, Jr.
CONTENTS xi
SESSION IV
OTHER METHODS
G. Mayer, Moderator
20. Advanced Quantitative Magnetic Nondestructive
Evaluation Methods - Theory and Experiment 435
J. R. Barton, F. N. Kusenberger,
R. E. Beissner and G. A. Matzkanin
21. Positrons as a Nondestructive Probe of Damage
in Structural Materials • • • • • • • • 479
J. Wilkenfeld and J. John
22. Quantitative Methods in Penetrant Inspection 505
P. F. Packman, J. K. Ma1pani and
G. Hardy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index 525
Chapter 1
OVERVIEW OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION METHODS FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING
L. V. Azaroff
University of Connecticut
Storrs, Connecticut
ABSTRACT
Following a brief historical review, applications of x-ray
diffraction to the nondestructive examination of materials are
considered. Recent instrumental developments, including x-ray
sources, monochromators, and detectors, and their utilization in
experimental procedures are discussed. Applications of "routine"
x-ray diffraction procedures as well as specialized techniques
like residual stress analysis, small-angle scattering, and x-ray
topography are illustrated by examples, including biological,
metallic, and polymeric materials. The conclusion reached is that
the future of x-ray diffraction in the study of materials has been
made brighter than ever by the introduction of more intense x-ray
sources and continuously improving instrumentation.
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
The discovery that crystals can serve as three-dimensional
gratings for the diffraction of x-rays was made by Max Laue in
1912. The importance of this discovery was solemnized within two
years by the award of a Nobel Prize to Laue in 1914. That very
same year, two papers were published describing, respectively,
what has become known as the kinematical theory [1] and the
dynamical theory [2] of x-ray diffraction. So comprehensive were
these analyses that their author, C. G. Darwin, was able to show
eight years later [3] that an abnormal absorption effect that was
troubling W. H. Bragg and his co~orkers was explicable in terms
of previously derived dynamical interactions of incident and
scattered x-rays -- an effect Darwin dubbed extinction.