Non-State Actors and International Law (The Library of Essays in International Law)

636 Pages·2009·73.35 MB·English

by  Andrea Bianchi

Non-State Actors and International Law
The Library of Essays in International Law
Series Editor: Robert McCorquodale
Titles in the Series:
International Law of Human Rights Sources of International Law
Michael K. Addo Martti Koskenniemi
International Law and Indigenous Peoples International Refugee Law
S. James Anaya He'l2ne Lambert
International Law and Islamic Law Space Law
Mashood A. Baderin Francis Lyall and Paul B. Larsen
The International Criminal Court Self-Determination in International Law
Olympia Bekou and Robert Cryer Robert McCorquodale
Non-State Actors and International Law International Dispute Settlement
Andrea Bianchi Mary Ellen 0 'Connell
Democracy and International Law International Crimes
Richard Burchill Nikos Passas
Law of the Sea International Environmental Law
Hugo Caminos Volumes 1 and I1
Paula M. Pevato
The Law of Treaties
Scott Davidson State Responsibility in International Law
Rene' Provost
Humanitarian Law
Judith Gardam Jurisdiction in International Law
Michael Reisman
International Legal Personality
Fleur Johns Title to Territory
Malcolm N. Shaw
International Economic Regulation
Jane Kelsey The Nature of International Law
Gerry Simpson
International Organizations
Jan Klabbers Collective Security Law
Nigel D. White
International Peacekeeping
Boris Kondoch
Non-State Actors and
International Law
Edited by
Andrea Bianchi
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva
ASHGATE
O Andrea Bianchi 2009. For copyright of individual articles please refer to the Acknowledgements.
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Non-state actors and international law. - (The Library of
essays in international law)
1. Non-state actors (International relations)
2. Non-governmental organisations - Law and legislation
3. Persons (International law) 4. Liability (Law)
I. Bianchi, Andrea
34 1.2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Non-state actors and international law 1 edited by Andrea Bianchi.
p. cm. -- (The library of essays in international law)
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-7546-2833-0 (alk. paper)
1. Non-governmental organizations. 2. Persons (International law) 3. International law. I. Bianchi,
Andrea.
524841. N6567 2009
341.2--dc22
2008030729
ISBN: 978-0-7546-2833-0
Mixed Sources
Product group from well-managed
FSC forests and other controlleds ources Printed and bound in Great Britain by
wow 1w99.f6s FcM.oPrSg~ SCte~r~t anrod. sSGhSlp-CCOwCn-2d4l8 2 TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall
Contents
Acknowledgements
Series Preface
Introduction: Relativizing the Subjects or Subjectivizing the Actors: Is That the Question.;
PART 1 NON-STATE ACTORS IN THE THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
1 Hersch Lauterpacht (1970), 'The Subjects of International Law', in
E. Lauterpacht (ed.), International Law. Being the Collected Papers of Hersch
Lauterpacht, Volume I: The General Works, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, pp. 136-50.
2 A. Claire Cutler (2001), 'Critical Reflections on the Westphalian Assumptions
of International Law and Organization: A Crisis of Legitimacy', Review of
International Studies, 27, pp. 133-50.
3 Jan Klabbers (2003), '(I Can't Get No) Recognition: Subjects Doctrine and the
Emergence of Non-State Actors', in Jarna Petman and Jan Klabbers (eds),
Nordic Cosmopolitanism. Essays in International Law for Martti Koskenniemi,
LeidedBoston: Martinus Nijhoff, pp. 35 149.
4 Daniel Thiirer (1999), 'The Emergence of Non-Governmental Organizations
and Transnational Enterprises in International Law and the Changing Role of the
State', in Rainer Hohann (ed.), Non-State Actors as New Subjects of International
Law, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 37-58.
5 Janne E. Nijman (2007), 'Paul Ricoeur and International Law: Beyond "The
End of the Subject". Towards a Reconceptualization of International Legal
Personality', Leiden Journal of International Law, 20, pp. 25-64.
PART I1 THE EMPIRICAL APPROACH: SELECTED NON-STATE ACTORS
6 Robert McCorquodale (2006), 'The Individual and the lnternational Legal
System', in Malcolm Evans (ed.), International Law (2nd edn), Oxford: Oxford
University Press, pp. 307-32.
7 Steve Charnovitz (2006), 'Nongovernmental Organizations and International
Law', American Journal of lnternational Law, 100, pp. 348-72.
8 Oscar Schachter (l977), 'The Invisible College of International Lawyers',
Northwestern University School of Law Review, 72, pp. 21 7-26.
vi Non-State Actors and International Law
PART 111 PARTICIPATION BY NON-STATE ACTORS IN INTERNATIONAL
LEGAL PROCESSES
Law-Making
9 Michael J. Struett (2004), 'NGOs, the International Criminal Court, and the
Politics of Writing International Law', in I.F. Dekker and W.G Werner,
Governance and International Legal Theory, LeidenJBoston: Martinus Nijhoff,
pp. 321-53. 187
10 Kenneth Anderson (2000), 'The Ottawa Convention Banning Landmines,
the Role of International Non-governmental Organizations and the Idea of
International Civil Society', European Journal of International Law, 11,
pp. 91-120. 22 1
Law Adjudication
11 Lance Bartholomeusz (2005), 'The Amicus Curiae before International Courts
and Tribunals', Non-State Actors and International Law, 5, pp. 209-86. 253
Law Enforcement
12 Alix Gowlland Gualtieri (2002), 'The Environmental Accountability of the World
Bank to Non-State Actors: Insights from the Inspection Panel', British Yearbook of
International Law, 72, pp. 2 13-53. 333
13 Andrea Bianchi (1997), 'Globalization of Human Rights: The Role of Non-state
Actors', in G. Teubner (ed.), Global Law without a State, Aldershot: Dartmouth,
pp. 179-212. 3 75
PART IV NON-STATE ACTORS' ACCOUNTABILITY: THE QUEST FOR NEW
PARADIGMS
14 August Reinisch (2005), 'The Changing International Legal Framework for
Dealing with Non-State Actors', in P. Alston (ed.), Non-State Actors and Human
Rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 37-89. 41 1
15 William A. Schabas (2002-2003), 'Punishment of Non-State Actors in Non-
International Armed Conflict', Fordham International Law Journal, 26,
pp. 907-33. 465
16 Jill Marshall (2005), 'Torture Committed by Non-State Actors: The Developing
Jurisprudence from the Ad Hoc Tribunals', Non-State Actors and International Law,
5, pp. 171-82. 493
17 Robert McCorquodale and Penelope Simons (2007), 'Responsibility Beyond
Borders: State Responsibility for Extraterritorial Violations by Corporations of
International Human Rights Law', Modern Law Review, 70, pp. 599426. 505
18 Erik B. Bluemel(2005), 'Overcoming NGO Accountability Concerns in
International Governance', Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 31,
pp. 139-206. 533
Index 60 1
Acknowledgements
My heartfelt thanks to Lorenzo Gradoni, Melanie Samson and Fouad Zarbiev for their
assistance in the preparation of this edited volume. Thanks also to Katherine Del Mar for her
editing work on the Introduction.
The editor and publishers also wish to thank the following for permission to use copyright
material.
Brill Academic Publishers for the essays: Jan Klabbers (2003), '(I Can't Get No) Recognition:
Subjects Doctrine and the Emergence of Non-State Actors', in Jarna Petrnan and Jan Klabbers
(eds), Nordic Cosmopolitanism. Essays in International Law for Martti Koskenniemi, Leideni
Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, pp. 35 149.C opyright O 2003 Brill Academic Publishers; Michael
J. Struett (2004), 'NGOs, the International Criminal Court, and the Politics of Writing
International Law', in I.F. Dekker and W.G. Werner, Governance and International Legal
Theory, LeidentBoston: Martinus Nijhoff, pp. 321-53. Copyright O 2004 Brill Academic
Publishers; Lance Bartholomeusz (2005), 'The Amicus Curiae before International Courts and
Tribunals', Non-State Actors and International Law, 5, pp. 209-86. Copyright O 2005 Brill
Academic Publishers; Jill Marshall (2005), 'Torture Committed by Non-State Actors: The
Developing Jurisprudence from the Ad Hoc Tribunals', Non-State Actors and International
Law, 5, pp. 171-82. Copyright O 2005 Brill Academic Publishers.
Brooklyn Journal of lnternational Law for the essay: Erik B. Bluemel (2005), 'Overcoming
NGOAccountability Concerns in International Governance', Brooklyn Journal oflnternational
Law, 31, pp. 139-206. Copyright O 2005 Brooklyn Journal of lnternational Law.
Cambridge University Press for the essays: A. Claire Cutler (2001), 'Critical Reflections on
the Westphalian Assumptions of International Law and Organization: A Crisis of Legitimacy',
Review of International Studies, 27, pp. 133-50. Copyright 0 2001 British lnternational
Studies Association; Janne E. Nijman (2007), 'Paul Ricoeur and International Law: Beyond
"The End of the Subject7'. Towards a Reconceptualization of lnternational Legal Personality',
Leiden Journal of lnternational Law, 20, pp. 2544. Copyright 0 2007 British International
Studies Association.
Copyright Clearance Center for the essay: Steve Charnovitz (2006), 'Nongovernmental
Organizations and International Law', American Journal of International Law, 100, pp. 348-
72.
Duncker and Humblot GmbH for the essay: Daniel Thiirer (1999), 'The Emergence of Non-
Governmental Organizations and Transnational Enterprises in International Law and the
Changing Role of the State', in Rainer Hofmann (ed.), Non-State Actors as New Subjects of
International Law, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 37-58.
viii Non-State Actors and International Law
Lauterpacht Center for the essay: Hersch Lauterpacht (l970), 'The Subjects of lnternational
Law', in E. Lauterpacht (ed.), International Law. Being the Collected Papers of Hersch
Lauterpacht, Volume I: The General Works, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.
136-50. Copyright O 1970 Lauterpacht Center.
Robert McCorquodale and Penelope Simons (2007), 'Responsibility Beyond Borders: State
Responsibility for Extraterritorial Violations by Corporations of International Human Rights
Law', Modern Law Review, 70, pp. 599426. Copyright O 2007 Robert McCorquodale and
Penelope Simons.
Oxford University Press for the essays: Robert McCorquodale (2006), 'The Individual and the
International Legal System', in Malcolm Evans (ed.), International Law (2nd edn), Oxford:
Oxford University Press, pp. 307-32. Copyright O 2006 Oxford University Press; Kenneth
Anderson (2000), 'The Ottawa Convention Banning Landmines, the Role of International
Non-governmental Organizations and the Idea of International Civil Society', European
Journal of International Law, 11, pp. 91-120. Copyright O 2000 Oxford University Press;
Alix Gowlland Gualtieri (2002), 'The Environmental Accountability of the World Bank to
Non-State Actors: Insights from the Inspection Panel', British Yearbook of International Law,
72, pp. 213-53. Copyright O 2002 Oxford University Press; August Reinisch (2005), 'The
Changing International Legal Framework for Dealing with Non-State Actors', in P. Alston
(ed.), Non-State Actors and Human Rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 37-89.
Copyright O 2005 Oxford University Press.
William A. Schabas for the essay: William A. Schabas (2002-2003), 'Punishment of Non-
State Actors in Non-International Armed Conflict', Fordham International Law Journal, 26,
pp. 907-33. Copyright O 2002-2003 William A. Schabas, published by Fordham University
School of Law.
Every effort has been made to trace all the copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently
overlooked the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangement at the first
opportunity.
Series Preface
Open a newspaper, listen to the radio or watch television any day of the week and you will read
or hear of some matter concerning international law. The range of matters include the extent to
which issues of trade and human rights should be linked, concerns about refugees and labour
conditions, negotiations of treaties and the settlement of disputes, and decisions by the United
Nations Security Council concerning actions to ensure compliance with international law.
International legal issues have impact on governments, corporations, organisations and people
around the world and the process of globalisation has increased this impact. In the global legal
environment, knowledge of international law is an indispensable tool for all scholars, legal
practitioners, decision-makers and citizens of the 2 1s t century.
The Library of Essays in International Law is designed to provide the essential elements
for the development of this knowledge. Each volume contains essays of central importance
in the development of international law in a subject area. The proliferation of legal and other
specialist journals, the increase in international materials and the use of the internet has meant
that it is increasingly difficult for legal scholars to have access to all the relevant articles on
international law and many valuable older articles are now unable to be obtained readily.
These problems are addressed by this series, which makes available an extensive range of
materials in a manner that is of immeasurable value for both teaching and research at all
levels.
Each volume is written by a leading authority in the subject area who selects the articles and
provides an informative introduction, which analyses the context of the articles and comments
on their significance within the developments in that area. The volumes complement each
other to give a clear view of the burgeoning area of international law. It is not an easy task
to select, order and place in context essays from the enormous quantity of academic legal
writing published in journals in many languages -throughout the world. This task requires
-
professional scholarly judgment and difficult choices. The editors in this series have done an
excellent job, for which I thank and congratulate them. It has been a pleasure working with
them.
ROBERT McCORQUODALE
General Series Editor
School of Law
University of Nottingham