Non-chordate (invertebrate) zoology practical

601 Pages·2017·44.457 MB·English

by  J. P. Shukla, K. Pandey

NON-CHORDATE (INVERTEBRATE)
ZOOLO'GY PRACTICAL
Dr. K. Pandey
Head, Department of Zoology
and
Dean Faculty of Science,
DDV - Gorakhpur University,
Gorakhpur (U.P.)
Dr. J.P. Shukla
Reader, P.G. Department of Zoology
S. Kisan P.G. College,
Basti (U.P.)
( FIRST EDITION: 2006 )
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GJIimalaya GPublishingGflou'se
MUMBAI • DELHI • NAGPUR • BANGALORE • HYDERABAO
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ISBN : 978-81-83185-04-2
FIRST EDITION: 2006
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I
CONTENTS
1. Characters and Cfassification of Non-Chordates. 1-40
I. Protozoa 3
II. Porifera 7
II. Coelenterata (Cnidaria. 8
IV. Ctenophora 12
V. Plathelminthes 12
VI. Nemathelminthes (Ascheminthes. 15
VII. Annelida 16
VIII. Echiuroidea 18
IX. Arthropoda 19
X. Mollusca 30
XI. Echinodermata 34
XII. Hemichoradata 38
2. Study of Museum Specimens and Slides of Different Invertebrate Phyla 41-374
I. Protozoa 43
II. Porifera 72
III. Coelenterata 87
IV. Platyhelminthes 127
V. Aschelminthes 153
VI. Annelida 165
VII. Arthropoda 212
VIII. Mollusca 277
•
IX. Echinoder Mata 318
X. Minor Phyla 348
XI. Hemi Chordata 360
3. Curios in Invertebrate Zoology 375-388
I. Protozoa 377
II. Porifera 379
III. Coelenterata 379
IV. Plathelminthes 380
V. Annelida 381
VI. Arthropoda 381
VII. Mollusca 384
VIII. Echinodermata 385
IX. Important Sea Invertebrates 386
4. M'i nor and Major Dissections 389-434
I. Ascaris Lumbricoides 392
II. Pheretima Posthuma 393
III. Hinedinaria Granulosa 397
IV. Nereis 400
V. Prawn 402
VI. Scorpion 410
VII. Poeciloceres 414
VIII. Periplaneta Americana 417
IX. Unio 422
X. Pila Globose 424
XI. Mytilus 428
XII. Loligo 429
XIII. Sepia 430
XIV. Holothuria 432
XV. Echinus 433
5. Preparation of Important Fixatives, Stains, and other Reagents 435-444
I. Fixatives 437
II. Stains 439
III. Other Reagents 443
6. General Procedure of Microscopic Preparations 44"5-452
I. Single Staining 448
II. Double Staining 449
III. Microtomal Staining 450
7. Invertebrates Culture Methods 453-457
I. Phylum - Prot<;lza 455
II. Phylum - Porifera 456
III. Phylum - Coelenterata 456
IV. Phylum - Platyhelminthes 456
V. Phylum - Annelida 456
VI. Phylum - Arthropoda 456
VII. Phylum - Mollusca 457
VIII. Phylum - Echinodermata 457
8. Permanent Stained Slides of Minor Dissections - Slide Preparation. 459-463
I. Pheretima Posthuma 461
II. Nereis 461
III. Hinedinaria 461
IV. Prawn 462
V. Scorpion 462
VI. Cockroach 462
VII. Pila 463
VIII. Unio 463
IX. Star Fish 463
9. Experimental Cytolozy and gen~tics. 465-484
J. Mycoplasma 468
II. Escherchia Coli 469
III. Blue green Alzal Cell 470
10. Behaviour Exercises 485-496
11. Experimental Ecology 497-538
I. Adaptational Study of Animals 499
II. Study of Biotic Factors 514
III. Study of Abiotic Factors 526
IV. Study of Equipments for recording of Abiotic Factor 532
12. Biometry (Biostatistics) 539-593
I. Introduction and scope of Biometry or Biostatistics. 541
II. Illustration of Quantitative Data 545
III. Measure of Central Thndency (Measure of Average) 559
IV. Measures of Variability (Dispersion) 571
V. Probability
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CHARACTERS AND
,CLASSIFICATION OF NON-CHORDATES
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Characters and Classification of Non-Chordates 3
I I
Ie PROTOZOA
=
No. of species in world 31.290
=
No. of species in India 2,577
=
India's share in world % 8.24
The name 'PROTOZOA' given by - Goldfuss (1822), means first animals. Leeuwenhoek first observed
Protozoa, called Wretched little beasties". Von Siebod (I 84S) established the unicellular nature of Protozoa.
Characteristics
A protozoan is a complex organism; all life processes (anabolic and catabolic) are carried
within one cell. They are called acellular and vary from simple to complex cell structure,
microscopic. Usually single celled, may also occur in colonies of similar individuals. The
form or shape of the organism usually constant (oval, spherical, elongate etc.). In some
species, the shape is variable. Organs or tissues absent; a distinct nucleus present (may be
single or multiple); other cell structures in the form of organelles; symmetry may be bilateral,
radial or spherical or none. Locomotion by flagella, pseudopodia, cilia or by my myonemes;
some forms are sessile. Some species produce spores or cysts which are resistant to unfavourable
conditions. The protozoans may be terrestrial, aquatic, free living, commeusals, mutualistic or
parasitic. Nutrition may be holozoic, saprophytic, sporozoic or holophytic. Reproduction both
asexual (binary fission, multiple fission, budding etc.) and sexual (fusion of gametes,
conjugation etc.). aody contains ectoplasm and endoplasm.
Classification
Phylum - Protowa
Sub-phylum
J.
! 1.
I Plasmodroma II Ciliophora
I. Simple and primitive. I. More complex.
2. Cilia absent. Locomotion 2. Cilia present.
by pseudopodia or flagella.
3. Nucleus single or many but all 3. Usually two types of nuclei
are of one kind. (Micro and Macro).
4. Sexual reproduction by syngamy. 4. Sexual reproduction by conjugation.
S. Life cycle may have alternation S. No alternation of generation.
of generation.
Subphylum I - Plasmodroma
Classes
! l X l
J. Mastigophora or II. Sarcodina or III. Sporozoa IV. Opalinata
Flagella!a Rhizopoda
Class I. Mastigophora
1. Simple, primitive.
2. Body covered by pellicle.
3. Locomotion by flagella.
4. Free living or parasitic.