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2015v1.0
NOLTE’S
ESSENTIALS
HUMAN
OF
THE
BRAIN
Reproduction of a drawing by Rene Descartes in
De Homine, 1662. Descartes thought that the pineal
gland was the seat of the soul, monitoring the
movement of “animal spirits” in sensory nerves and
controlling the movement of animal spirits through
motor nerves.
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2NDEDITION
NOLTE’S
ESSENTIALS
HUMAN
OF
THE
BRAIN
Todd W. Vanderah, PhD
Professor and Department Head of Pharmacology
Joint Appointment in Neurology and Anesthesiology
The University of Arizona College of Medicine
Tucson, Arizona
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
NOLTE’S ESSENTIALS OF THE HUMAN BRAIN, SECOND EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-52931-0
Copyright © 2019 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the
Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance
Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden
our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become
necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and
using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information
or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for
whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most
current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to
be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration,
and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and
knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each
individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any
liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or
otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the
material herein.
Previous edition copyrighted 2010.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Vanderah, Todd W., author. | Preceded by (work): Nolte, John. Essentials of the human brain.
Title: Nolte’s essentials of the human brain / Todd W. Vanderah.
Other titles: Essentials of the human brain
Description: Second edition. | Philadelphia, PA : Elsevier, [2019] | Includes index. | Preceded by Essentials of the
human brain / John Nolte. c2010.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017051701 | ISBN 9780323529310 (pbk.)
Subjects: | MESH: Nervous System–anatomy & histology | Brain–physiology | Nervous System Physiological
Phenomena
Classification: LCC QP376 | NLM WL 101 | DDC 612.8/2–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017051701
Content Strategist: Marybeth Thiel
Director, Content Development: Rebecca Gruliow
Publishing Services Manager: Catherine Jackson
Senior Project Manager: Daniel Fitzgerald
Designer: Amy Buxton
Printed in China.
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
P R E FAC E
Appendix 2. The clinical questions are fictitious, meant to
illustrate neurobiological concepts; they are not intended to
be clinically accurate or to make light of neurological disease.
I have also added a section of blank drawings at the very end
of the book as Appendix 3; you may find these useful for
drawing out pathways and connections.
The Essentials book topics utilize the list of learning objec-
tives dealing with neurobiological topics that we use in the
course I direct and teach at The University of Arizona College
of Medicine. My list is unlikely to coincide exactly with that
used by others, but it should overlap substantially. Not all
neuropathology or pharmacology can be incorporated, yet
Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not many main pathological topics and medications are included.
simpler. Medications are presented as generic names and found in
Albert Einstein green for rapid identification.
My hope is that the chapter outlines and key concepts
This is a book for students. Specifically, it is a book for students define the core material clearly, the text explains this material
trying to review neuroscience or to distill out the important lucidly, and the questions at the end of each chapter and the
facts and concepts of human neuroscience. I have incorporated explanations near the end of the book will allow you to deter-
some neuropathology and pharmacology to strengthen learn- mine your level of understanding with some confidence. I
ing concepts with their ties to the different parts of the nervous welcome comments on content or format, from students or
system. Although the Essentials book does not require reading faculty, so that the next version can be nearly transparent.
of The Human Brain (Elsevier/Mosby, seventh edition, 2015) As always, I owe a great thanks to John Nolte, the originator
to make sense, it does parallel The Human Brain in its orga- of the Nolte series of books and a great friend with whom
nization and should be particularly useful when used in con- many fun times teaching and learning neuro have been had.
junction with that book. Each chapter begins with an outline Also, I would like to thank the many students who have taken
and includes key concept boxes distributed through the text; my courses in years past for helping to hone and clarify the
collectively these are very similar to the outline at the begin- content. Past and present teaching colleagues, especially Jay
ning of the comparable chapter in The Human Brain, although Angevine, Ray Carmody, Naomi Rance, Kati Gothard, Scott
some fine points were omitted. To keep Essentials brief, some Sherman, Jordana Smith, Diana Darnell, Alex Hishaw, and
background material was left out, so it may not be productive Steve Wright, all provided insights that otherwise evaded me.
to read the book with no prior knowledge of the subject. At Elsevier was kind enough to let me borrow or simplify many
the end of each chapter is a list of questions dealing specifi- figures from The Human Brain for use in this book. A big
cally with the content of that chapter. Toward the end of the thanks to my wonderful wife, Toni, who has put up with my
book, Appendix 1 is a longer list of questions that often cover endless days of working on textbooks.
multiple topics. Whenever the answer to a question is not a Todd W. Vanderah
simple definition or fact, a brief explanation is included in Tucson, Arizona, January 2017
v
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C O N T E N T S
1 Introduction to the Nervous System, 1 15 Brainstem Summary, 96
2 Development of the Nervous System, 8 16 The Thalamus and Internal Capsule: Getting to and
From the Cerebral Cortex, 103
3 Gross Anatomy and General Organization of
the Central Nervous System, 13 17 The Visual System, 108
4 Meningeal Coverings of the Brain and Spinal Cord, 22 18 Overview of Motor Systems, 118
5 Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid, 27 19 Basal Ganglia, 124
6 Blood Supply of the Brain, 32 20 Cerebellum, 130
7 Electrical Signaling by Neurons, 38 21 Control of Eye Movements, 138
8 Synaptic Transmission Between Neurons, 44 22 Cerebral Cortex, 143
9 Sensory Receptors and the Peripheral 23 Drives and Emotions: The Hypothalamus and
Nervous System, 50 Limbic System, 150
10 Spinal Cord, 56 24 Formation, Modification, and Repair of Neuronal
Connections, 156
11 Organization of the Brainstem, 65
12 Cranial Nerves and Their Nuclei, 72 Appendix 1: Comprehensive Quiz, 163
Appendix 2: Answers, 167
13 The Chemical Senses of Taste and Smell, 81
Appendix 3: Blank Drawings, 178
14 Hearing and Balance: The Eighth Cranial Nerve, 86 Index, 202
vii
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