Table Of ContentACOUSTICS
Noise Mapping Noise
EU
in the
Mapping
Models and Procedures
Noise mapping is the first tool to effectively assess noise exposure, communicating EU
in the
information to citizens, and defining effective action plans for protecting citizens
from high noise levels and preserving quiet areas in urban European Community
environments. Indeed, strategic noise maps are now required in the European
Union for all population centers of more than 250,000 inhabitants, as well as for
Models and Procedures
major roads, railways, and airports, and are becoming required for urban areas
with over 100,000 people.
Providing a comprehensive reference guide for students, researchers, acoustics
consultants, and environmental agencies, Noise Mapping in the EU: Models
and Procedures shows how to integrate data with geographical information
systems, improve accuracy in model and prediction software, and assess different
methods and descriptors for evaluating annoyance and noise exposure. It offers
guidance on regulations, communication processes, physical aspects, and
application of noise mapping, as well as on communication processes for citizens
involved in decision making. Beginning with fundamental concepts in acoustics
and a presentation of legal frameworks for noise mapping in Europe, the book
covers all the main issues about noise mapping. It presents numerical models for
roads, railways, airports, harbours, and industrial sites.
The chapters are written by European experts from a range of research institutes,
companies, and environmental agencies. Using a practical approach and worked
examples, the text discusses control and uncertainty in input data and output
results, technical recommendations from working groups, and the Good Practice
Guide (GPG) tool. It provides in-depth coverage of geographic information
system (GIS) techniques for noise management and the evaluation and
management of noise exposure, and concludes by reviewing noise mapping
experiences in Europe, communication to the public, and future perspectives for
mapping the effects of noise.
Y109261
ISBN: 978-0-415-58509-5
90000
Gaetano Licitra
Edited by
9 780415 585095
A SPON BOOK
Y109261_Cover_mech.indd 1 8/8/12 12:29 PM
Noise
Mapping
EU
in the
Models and Procedures
Noise
Mapping
EU
in the
Models and Procedures
Gaetano Licitra
Edited by
A SPON PRESS BOOK
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2013 by Gaetano Licitra
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20120727
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Contents
Preface ix
Contributors xi
1 Fundamentals 1
D. PALAZZUOLI AND G. LICITRA
Part 1
Noise evaluation and mapping 15
2 Legal basis on noise mapping in the European Union
and the Directive 69/2002/EC 17
P. DE VOS AND G. LICITRA
3 Measurements 29
J.L. CUETO AND R. HERNANDEZ
4 Road traffic noise 55
G. DUTILLEUX
5 Railway noise 81
P. DE VOS
6 Industrial and harbour noise 109
J.R. WITTE
7 Airport noise 129
R. BÜTIKOFER
v
vi Contents
8 The Good Practice Guide, Version 2 159
G. LICITRA AND E. ASCARI
9 Uncertainty and quality assurance in simulation software 181
W. PROBST
Part 2
Noise mapping and geographic information systems
(GIS) 213
10 Geographic information system tools for noise mapping 215
J.L. CUETO AND G. LICITRA
11 Maps and geographic information systems in noise
management 255
D. MANVELL
12 The evaluation of population exposure to noise 269
G. BRAMBILLA
Part 3
Noise mapping in Europe 283
13 Noise maps in the European Union: An overview 285
P. DE VOS AND G. LICITRA
14 Noise maps from different national assessment methods:
Differences, uncertainties, and needs for harmonisation 311
S. KEPHALOPOULOS AND M. PAVIOTTI
Part 4
Communication and action plans 337
15 Communication to the general public 339
P. McDONALD
Contents vii
16 Which information for the European and local policy
makers? 351
L. MAFFEI
17 From noise maps to critical hot spots: Priorities in action
plans 361
W. PROBST
Part 5
Future perspectives 369
18 From noise to annoyance mapping: A soundscape approach 371
G. MEMOLI AND G. LICITRA
Preface
Nowadays, noise exposure monitoring and its reduction are among the
main concerns for citizens, politicians, administrations, and technical-
scientific bodies. Directive 2002/49/EC “relating to the assessment and
management of environmental noise” (Environmental Noise Directive,
END) is the last effort to harmonise European member states’ policies and
technical approaches concerning noise exposure reduction issues. Noise
mapping of relevant environmental noise sources in agglomerations, fol-
lowing the directive, has presented the opportunity for assessing noise
levels in main European agglomerations and testing different national or
recommended calculation methods.
Noise mapping is a very complex and challenging issue: noise sources are
widely diffuse, especially in urban areas; their characterisation is not sim-
ple and the quantification of a citizen’s exposure to noise is a very difficult
task. Moreover, the process requires different skills and experts: from geo-
spatial analysis to uncertainty evaluation and psychoacoustic approaches
to maximise cost benefits and action plan adherence.
The book is for students, researchers, acoustics consultants, environ-
mental agencies, public administrations, and all stakeholders involved in
protecting citizens from urban noise. This book tries to cover all the main
issues about noise mapping in the framework of the END, collecting contri-
butions from many experts from research bodies, consultancies, and envi-
ronmental protection agencies.
After a brief introduction of some fundamental concepts in acoustics
and a presentation of legal framework for noise mapping in Europe, numer-
ical models are presented for roads, railways, airports, harbours, and
industrial sites. Control and uncertainty in input data and output results,
technical recommendations from working groups, and the Good Practice
Guide (GPG) tool are discussed with a practical approach and worked
examples. According to the aim of the book, a deep insight in geographic
information system (GIS) techniques for noise management and the evalu-
ation and management of noise exposure are covered. The last part of the
ix
