Noise Control of the Beginning and Development Dynamics of Accidents

206 Pages·2019·6.44 MB·English

by  Telman Aliev

Telman Aliev
Noise Control of
the Beginning
and Development
Dynamics of
Accidents
Noise Control of the Beginning and Development
Dynamics of Accidents
Telman Aliev
Noise Control
of the Beginning
and Development Dynamics
of Accidents
123
TelmanAliev
Institute of Control Systems
Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences
Baku,Azerbaijan
ISBN978-3-030-12511-0 ISBN978-3-030-12512-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12512-7
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2019930990
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar
methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom
therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor
for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
Preface
It is known that the causes of the transition of objects to the latent period of an
emergency state are associated with the emergence of various defects. They are
reflected in the form of noises on the signals received at the outputs of object’s
corresponding sensors. At the same time, these noises correlate with the useful
signal and contain valuable diagnostic information that is lost when traditional
processing technologies are used. Therefore, they do not allow to control the
beginning and dynamics of the development of accidents reliably and adequately.
For different objects, the process of defect initiation and development to a
pronounced emergency state has distinctive features that can be related to object’s
physical, biological, mechanical, chemical, and other properties, or the functions
that they perform, their operation modes, etc. For these and many other reasons,
defect initiation to a pronounced emergency state proceeds in different ways in
differentobjects.Insomeobjects,thishappensquickly.Inothers,thisprocesstakes
muchmoretime.However,despiteallthesedifferences,theyhaveincommonthat
in that period, changes in the state of the object manifest themselves in the signals
intheformofnoisethatcontainsvaluablediagnosticinformation.Atthesametime,
developmentdynamicsofaccidentsintheirlatentperiodaffectsthecorrelationtime
and the value of the estimate of the cross-correlation function between the useful
signalandthenoise.Forthisreason,solvingthecontrolprobleminthelatentperiod
of object’s transition to an emergency state differs from the diagnostics of the
technical condition of objects during their operation in normal mode. Therefore, it
is often impossible to obtain reliable results and generate solutions that would be
adequateforthesituationbyusingrelevantcontrolandmanagementsystems.This
isoftenthecauseofnumerousaccidentsatvariousoilandgasproductionfacilities,
petrochemical, power engineering facilities, aviation objects, etc., with human
casualtiesandcatastrophicfinancialandenvironmentalconsequences.Andinthese
systems,inmanycases,filteringmethodsareusedtoeliminatetheeffectofnoiseon
theresultsoftheproblemsbeingsolved.Atthesametime,noiseoftenemergesasa
result of the transition of control objects to an emergency state and becomes the
carrierofinformationthatiserasedbyfiltering.Asaresult,theimportant,insome
v
vi Preface
cases unique, valuable information about the beginning of the latent period of the
emergency state is lost.
Thus, traditional technologies for analyzing noisy signals provide no way of
extracting and accounting for the information contained in the noise of analyzed
signals.Thisisaseriousreasonbehindthedifficultyofcontrolofobjects’operation
in the latent period of an emergency state. And this, in turn, makes it difficult to
ensure their accident-free operation. Therefore, it is necessary and appropriate
to create technologies and intelligent noise control systems that have the ability to
controlthebeginninganddevelopmentdynamicsofaccidentsintheirlatentperiod.
Detection of the process of initiation and development of a crack, wear, defor-
mation caused by fatigue or overload, etc., in the early stages is of enormous
importance for many modern critical facilities (turbines, offshore platforms, air-
crafts, tankers, etc.). For instance, when a microcrack forms in metal trusses and
supports of a fixed offshore platform, one first hears faint squeaking, which then
growslouder,thenitremindsofababy’scrying,turnsintometalliccreaking,etc.In
this case, the noise of the acoustic signal also becomes the carrier of information
about the initiation of the defect.
It is obvious that after a defect has been detected, for many objects, its devel-
opmentdynamicsmust becontrolledtobeable toestimateequipment’sremaining
life of before and the time for routine or overhaul repairs.
It is evident from the above that the state of each object changes after a certain
period during its operation. First, in the period T , it is in its normal state. Then,
0
during the period T , the object goes into the latent form of an emergency state.
1
After this, it goes into the period T of the emergency state. Then the period T
2 3
ofthepronouncedemergencystatebegins,whenanaccidentoccursandtheobject
stops functioning.
Despite the differences in the duration of the periods T , T , T for different
0 1 2
objects, the control problem comes down to providing a reliable indication of the
beginning of time T of the latent period of changes in the state of the control
1
object.
However,intheknowncontrolanddiagnosticsystems,mainlyduetotheabove
reasons, object’s emergency state is registered at the beginning of the time period
T . Because of this, the information about object’s transition to an emergency
2
conditioninsomecasesisobtainedtoolate.Therefore,tocontrolthebeginningand
development dynamics of accidents at the beginning of the time period T , it is
1
advisable to apply the technology and system of noise control.
Noise control of the beginning of accidents implies early detection of defect
initiation,inthestateatwhichdefect’seffectsonthereliabilityoroperabilityofthe
equipmentarenotyet manifested.In thefirst place, it isnecessaryto control those
defects and faults that can cause catastrophic accidents.
Onthebasisofthenoisetechnologiesproposedinthisbook,variousintelligent
systems have been developed, designed, and implemented for the noise control
ofthebeginning anddevelopmentdynamics ofaccidentsatoil andgasproduction
facilities, construction sites, in power engineering, transport, seismology, aviation,
Preface vii
etc.Theyalsomakeitpossibletoimprovetheaccuracyoftheresultsoftraditional
correlationandspectraltechnologiesforanalyzingnoisyrandomsignals,aswellas
the adequacy of solutions to numerous recognition, identification, modeling, and
controlproblems.
Baku, Azerbaijan Telman Aliev
Contents
1 Specifics and Difficulties of Control of the Beginning of Accident
Initiation and Development Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Causes and Specifics of Accident Initiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Types and Development Stages of Defects Preceding Accidents
in Technical Facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Sensors and Specifics of Information Support for the Control
of the Beginning of Accident Initiation and Development. . . . . . . 6
1.4 Models of Signals Received at the Sensor Outputs in the Latent
Period of Accidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5 Difficulties in Controlling the Beginning of the Latent Period
of Accidents with the Use of Traditional Technologies. . . . . . . . . 12
1.6 Factors Affecting the Adequacy of the Control of Accident
Initiation by Correlation Analysis Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.7 Factors Affecting the Adequacy of the Control of Accident
Initiation by Spectral Analysis Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.8 Effects of the Signal Filtration on the Result of the Control
of the Beginning of Defect Initiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.9 Effects of Traditional Methods of Sampling Interval Selection
on the Adequacy of Control of the Beginning of Accident
Initiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2 Correlation Technology for Noise Control of the Beginning
and Development Dynamics of the Latent Period of Accidents. . . . . 27
2.1 Correlation Noise Technology for Calculating the Variance
of Noise of Noisy Signals in the Latent Period of Accidents. . . . . 27
2.2 Correlation Technology of Noise Control of Accident
Development Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.3 Correlation Technology of Noise Signaling for the Beginning
and Development Dynamics of the Latent Period of Accidents . . . 36
ix
x Contents
2.4 Technology for Analyzing the Estimate of the Density
of Distribution of Noise by Its Equivalent Samples . . . . . . . . . . . 40
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3 Algorithms for Forming Correlation Matrices Equivalent
to Matrices of Useful Signals in the Latent Period of Object’s
Emergency State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.1 Difficulties in Forming the Correlation Matrices in the Latent
Period of Object’s Emergency State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2 Technologies for Forming the Equivalent Correlation Matrices
for an Object in the Normal Operating Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.3 Technology for Forming the Equivalent Correlation Matrix
in the Latent Period of Object’s Emergency State. . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4 Spectral Technology for Noise Control of the Beginning
and Development Dynamics of the Latent Period of Accidents. . . . . 59
4.1 Algorithms and Technologies for Calculating the Errors
in the Estimates of Spectral Characteristics in the Latent Period
of Object’s Emergency State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.2 Algorithms for Calculating the Estimates of Spectral
Characteristics of the Noise in the Latent Period of Object’s
Emergency State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.3 Spectral Technology of Noise Signaling for the Beginning
of the Latent Period of Accidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.4 Position-Binary Technology for the Control of the Beginning
of the Latent Period of Accidents of Objects of Periodical
Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.5 Position-Selective Technology for Calculating the Sampling
IntervaloftheNoiseintheLatentPeriodofObject’sEmergency
State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5 Application of Technology and System of Noise Control
on Fixed Offshore Platforms and Drilling Rigs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.1 Systems for Noise Control of the Beginning of the Latent
Period of Accidents on Fixed Offshore Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.2 TechnologiesandSystemfortheNoiseControloftheBeginning
and Dynamics of the Development of Accidents on Drilling
Rigs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Contents xi
6 The Use of Noise Control Technology and System at Oil
and Gas Production Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
6.1 Noise Control System of Sucker Rod Pumping Unit. . . . . . . . . . . 101
6.2 System for Noise Control of the Beginning of the Latent
Period of Accidents at Compressor Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7 Possibilities of the Use of the Technology and System of Noise
Control of the Beginning of the Latent Period of Accidents
on Technical Facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
7.1 Specifics and Relevance of the Use of the Technology
and System of Noise Control at Power Engineering Facilities . . . . 121
7.2 IntelligentRobustSystemforNoiseControloftheLatentPeriod
ofTransitionofPowerEngineeringFacilitiesintoanEmergency
State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
7.3 Subsystems for Noise Control of the Beginning of the Latent
Period of Nuclear Power Plant Equipment’s Transition
into an Emergency State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
7.4 PossibilityofPreflightNoiseControloftheTechnicalCondition
of Aviation Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
7.5 Possibilities of Using Noise Control Technology in Railway
Safety Systems in Seismically Active Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
8 Using Noise Control Technologies and Systems in Construction
and Seismology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
8.1 TechnologyandSystemofNoiseControlofAnomalousSeismic
Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
8.2 Digital Citywide System of Noise Control of the Technical
Condition of Socially Significant Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
8.3 Intelligent Seismic-Acoustic System for Identifying the Area
of the Focus of an Expected Earthquake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
9 Possibilities of Using Noise Control Technology in Medicine . . . . . . 181
9.1 Possibilities of Using Laptops and Smartphones for the Control
of the State of the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
9.2 Technology for Monitoring the State of the Heart with the
Use of the Spectral Characteristics of Heart Sounds . . . . . . . . . . . 190
9.3 Correlation System for Monitoring the Beginning of the Latent
Period of Vascular Pathology in Human Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Index .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 199