Nocturnal Cooling Technology for Building Applications

77 Pages·2019·1.51 MB·English

by  Mardiana Idayu Ahmad, Hasila Jarimi, Saffa Riffat

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN
APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Mardiana Idayu Ahmad
Hasila Jarimi
Saffa Riffat
Nocturnal
Cooling
Technology
for Building
Applications
123
SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences
and Technology
SpringerBriefs present concise summaries of cutting-edge research and practical
applications across a wide spectrum offields. Featuring compact volumes of 50 to
125 pages, the series covers a range of content from professional to academic.
Typical publications can be:
(cid:129) A timely report of state-of-the art methods
(cid:129) Anintroductiontooramanualfortheapplicationofmathematicalorcomputer
techniques
(cid:129) A bridge between new research results, as published in journal articles
(cid:129) A snapshot of a hot or emerging topic
(cid:129) An in-depth case study
(cid:129) Apresentation ofcore conceptsthatstudents mustunderstand inordertomake
independent contributions
SpringerBriefs are characterized by fast, global electronic dissemination,
standard publishing contracts, standardized manuscript preparation and formatting
guidelines, and expedited production schedules.
On the one hand, SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology are
devoted to the publication of fundamentals and applications within the different
classical engineering disciplines as well as in interdisciplinary fields that recently
emerged between these areas. On the other hand, as the boundary separating
fundamental research and applied technology is more and more dissolving, this
series isparticularlyopentotrans-disciplinary topics between fundamentalscience
and engineering.
Indexed by EI-Compendex, SCOPUS and Springerlink.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8884
Mardiana Idayu Ahmad
(cid:129)
Hasila Jarimi Saffa Riffat
(cid:129)
Nocturnal Cooling
Technology for Building
Applications
123
MardianaIdayuAhmad HasilaJarimi
Schoolof Industrial Technology Department ofArchitecture andBuilt
Universiti SainsMalaysia Environment
Penang,Malaysia University of Nottingham
Nottingham, UK
SaffaRiffat
Department ofArchitecture andBuilt
Environment
University of Nottingham
Nottingham, UK
ISSN 2191-530X ISSN 2191-5318 (electronic)
SpringerBriefs inApplied SciencesandTechnology
ISBN978-981-13-5834-0 ISBN978-981-13-5835-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5835-7
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2019935150
©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2019
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether
thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar
ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom
therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregard
tojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Preface
Exploiting natural environment as renewable and sustainable source has become
oneofthesignificantpassivestrategiesforenergysavingsinbuildings.Burgeoning
interest in this field has then suggested the application of passive radiative cooling
based on operating periods; night-time cooling (nocturnal) and daytime cooling
(diurnal). Of these, nocturnal cooling is more promising since diurnal cooling is
hard to be achieved, because of the solar radiation effect. In order to gain in-depth
understanding of the nocturnal cooling, this book provides comprehensive infor-
mationofthiscoolingforbuildingapplicationswhichcoversitsdefinition,concept
andprinciples;materialsanddevices;andtypesandconfiguration.Italsopresentsa
panorama of research experiences from the past 50 years related to performance
studies and potentials in various locations/countries; and climatic conditions. In
addition,theidentificationofknowledgegapsandresearchopportunitiesforfurther
exploration in each scope are analysed and highlighted.
The book is divided into six chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the important key-
words and contains the background of the book. Overviews of buildings and
passivecoolingtechniques;radiativecooling;andnocturnalcoolingapplicationsin
buildings are discussed briefly to provide basic information to the theme of the
book.InChap.2,thebookprovidesthefoundationofnocturnalcoolingpertaining
to theory and mechanism. Definition, concept, principles and materials/devices are
presented. In Chap. 3, types and configuration of nocturnal cooling system are
highlighted. This includes the air-based, water-based and integrated or hybrid
systems. Chapter 4 of the book undertakes the analysis of state of the art of
performance studies based on the existing reports in the open literature. Chapter 5
of the book analyses the potentials of nocturnal cooling in various locations and
climatic conditions. Chapter 6 concludes the book by addressing challenges, gaps
and opportunities for future investigation into the domain of nocturnal cooling
technology.
In the process of preparing and writing this book, the support provided by the
individualsandinstitutionsisnoteworthy.Inthiscontext,wewouldliketoexpress
our appreciation to Springer Publishing Editor Dr. Loyola D’Silva, Springer
CoordinatorMs.AmudhaVijayarangan,Ms.SudhanyKarthickandalltheeditorial
v
vi Preface
team of Springer Nature Singapore and International Publishing for their contri-
bution in any kind offorms in bringing the book to fruition. Our thanks go to the
School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia and the Departmentof
Architecture and Built Environment, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
forfacilitatingtheprocessofgatheringmaterialandinformationforpublishingthis
book. In addition, we also appreciate all reviewers for their time reviewing the
content of this book. We also thank our families for their patience and support
during the preparation of this book. Our special thanks go to Ms. Zeny
Amante-Roberts for scheduling meetings for three of us. This book would not be
possible without their kind support from many aspects during the process.
The work involved in this book is part of the outcomes of funded research
projects, thus we would like to take this opportunity to convey our appreciation to
the sponsors for the financial and technical supports. Our thanks go to USM
Research University Grant and TRGS Grant Ministry of Education
(MOE) Malaysia. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations
expressedinthismaterialarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflectthe
views of the MOE and USM. Last but not least, it is hoped that this book would
serve as a valuable guide to academics, researchers, professionals and students in
working in this field.
Penang, Malaysia Mardiana Idayu Ahmad
Nottingham, UK Hasila Jarimi
Nottingham, UK Saffa Riffat
February 2019
Contents
1 Introduction: Overview of Buildings and Passive Cooling
Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Radiative Cooling Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Nocturnal Cooling Applications in Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Theory and Mechanism of Nocturnal Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 Definition, Concept and Principles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Materials and Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3 Types and Configurations of Nocturnal Cooling Systems . . . . . . . . . 15
3.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2 Air-Based Cooling Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3 Water-Based Cooling Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.4 Integrated/Hybrid Cooling Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4 Performance Studies of Nocturnal Cooling: The State
of the Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.1 Performance Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2 Performance Studies Based on Experimental, Numerical
and Simulation Approaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.3 Review of Works Carried Out by Researchers from 1960
to 1990s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.4 Review of Works Carried Out by Researchers from 2000
to 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
vii
viii Contents
4.5 Review of Work Carried Out by Researchers from 2014
to 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5 Potentials of Nocturnal Cooling in Various Locations/Countries
and Climatic Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.1 Distribution of Nocturnal Cooling Studies in Various
Locations and Climatic Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.2 Nocturnal Cooling Power and Potential Energy Savings
in Different Climatic Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6 Challenges, Future Outlook and Opportunities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6.2 Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6.3 Future Outlook and Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Bibliography .. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 67
Index .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 69
About the Authors
Mardiana Idayu Ahmad obtained herPh.D. in EngineeringScience: Sustainable
Energy Technologies at the Department of Architecture and Built Environment,
FacultyofEngineering,UniversityofNottingham,UnitedKingdomin2011.Sheis
currentlyanAssociateProfessorintheEnvironmentalTechnologyDivision,School
of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Her research spans in the
breadth of sustainable energy technologies and environmental management. She
has always been passionate about continuing her research in a way to bridge these
twofields.Herresearchworkleadstotheproductionofoverthan100publications
nationally and internationally, including journal papers, research books, popular
academic books, book chapters, conference proceedings and other publications.
Hasila Jarimi obtained her B.Sc. in Physics from the University Manchester,
United Kingdom in 2008 and Ph.D. in Applied Sciences specialising in Solar
Energy Technology, at Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) Perlis, Malaysia in
2016. As a passionate Physicist, she is always interested to see how Physics is
connectedwiththerealworld.HerdeepinterestinRenewableEnergyhasbeenher
main motivation in applying Physics in the study of renewable energy. She is
currentlyapostdoctoralresearchfellowattheDepartmentofArchitectureandBuilt
Environment,FacultyofEngineering,UniversityofNottingham,UnitedKingdom.
Saffa Riffat is one of the world’s leading experts in sustainable technologies/
eco-buildings. He holds the posts of Chair of Sustainable Energy and Head of
Architecture, Climate and Environment Research Group at the University of
Nottingham,UK.HeiscurrentlyaProfessorintheDepartmentofArchitectureand
Built Environment, University of Nottingham and also the President of the World
SocietyofSustainableEnergy(WSSET).Hehasawiderangeofexperienceofrenew-
able energy/sustainable technologies, eco-cities/sustainable buildings, heat pumps/
coolingsystems,energy storage andheat-powered powercycles.He has published
over650refereedpapers.HehasbeenawardedthedegreeofDoctorofScience(D.Sc.)
fromtheUniversityofOxfordforhisresearchcontributioninthefieldofheatpumps
andventilationtechnology.Heisnamedastheinventoron30InternationalPatents.
ix