Table Of ContentФедеральное агентство по образованию
Санкт-Петербургский государственный
архитектурно-строительный университет
Кафедра иностранных языков
ЗАДАНИЕ № 115
по английскому языку для студентов I курса
специальностей 270113 – механизация и автоматизация
строительства и 190205 – подъемно-транспортные,
строительные, дорожные машины и оборудование
Санкт-Петербург
2007
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Рецензенты: ст. преп. В. А. Памфилова;
канд. филол. наук, доцент Т. Б. Шлюшенкова
Задание № 115 по английскому языку для студентов I курса специально-
стей 270113 – механизация и автоматизация строительства и 190205 – подъемно-
транспортные, строительные, дорожные машины и оборудование/ СПбГАСУ; Сост.
Л. Р. Данилова. – СПб., 2007. – 30 с.
Данное задание для аудиторного чтения для студентов I курса специально-
стей 270113 – механизация и автоматизация строительства и 190205 – подъемно-
транспортные, строительные, дорожные машины и оборудование предназначено
для развития навыков технического перевода со словарем и без словаря. В задании
использованы тексты из оригинальной литературы и три текста из задания № 60.
Каждый урок включает тексты, лексические и грамматические упражнения,
лексику по данным специальностям.
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Unit 1
Grammar: Parts of Speech;
The Structure of the Sentence;
There + be;
Noun group.
Exercise 1. Define the part of speech of the following words:
Construction, operation, position, distance, importance, movement, connection, special,
internal, feature, usually, conventional, motion, changeable, normal, homogeneous,
section, various, completely, attachment, gravity, capacity, thickness, continuous,
simultaneously, individual, driver, scraper, hydraulic, powerful, trencher, mainly,
dimension, replaceable, rapidly, productivity, fulfilment, preparation.
Exercise 2. Put the words in the correct order:
1. simple tools / ancient people / in / used / everyday / life / their
2. people / prehistoric times / have used / some / since / mechanisms
3. any man / work / perform / machines / can / than / better and faster
4. into / first people / one kind / energy / of / transform / another / couldn’t
5. three forms / necessary / simple mechanical systems / are / energy / of / only / for
6. use / a lot of / we / today / machines
7. energy / mechanical work / transform / into / some machines
8. are used / to perform / of / machines / useful work
Exercise 3. Translate the sentences:
1. There are different types of cranes.
2. Since prehistoric times there have been some appliances to help people with their
work.
3. There are machines which transform energy into mechanical work.
4. There will be some new bridges in our city.
5. There were some difficulties in operating a new giant crane.
6. There is a new tower crane at this building site.
7. There was an exhibition of new tractors last month.
8. Some people consider there are only five simple machines.
Exercise 4. Translate the following word combinations:
Energy conversion; useful work performance; advanced production methods;
human labour productivity; horse power; an automatic concrete plant; a new
transmission system; a complex control system; most machine elements; a steel
structure; truck wheels.
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Text A
MACHINE
People have used some sort of appliances to help them with their work almost since
prehistoric times. Long ago it was found that machines could perform work better and
faster than any man.
A machine is any mechanical or organic device that transmits or modifies energy to
perform or assist in the performance of tasks. It normally requires some energy source
(“input”) and accomplishes some sort of work. Generally these devices decrease the
amount of force required to do a given amount of work, alter the direction of the force,
or transform one form of motion or energy into another.
In physics, a simple machine is any device that only requires the application of a single
force to work.
The traditional list of simple machines is:
The inclined plane (N)
The wheel and axle (O)
The lever (T)
The pulley (U)
The wedge (V [single wedge]; X [double wedge])
The screw (Y)
(The letters are used, because their shapes resemble the shapes of the simple machines.)
Simple machines are often used in combination as components of more complex
machines.
The mechanical advantage of a simple machine is the ratio between the force it exerts
on the load and the input force applied. This does not entirely describe the machine’s
performance. Real machines are affected by such factors as friction and elasticity,
so the actual mechanical advantage of a simple machine will usually differ from its
theoretical value.
The mechanical efficiency of a machine is the ratio of the actual mechanical advantage
(AMA) to the ideal mechanical advantage (IMA). Functioning physical machines are
always less than 100% efficient.
Modern power tools, automated machine tools, and human-operated power machinery
complicate the definition of “machine” greatly. There are machines which receive
mechanical energy to activate operating members employed to change the properties,
conditions, shape or position of the material to be handled.
Machines used to transform heat or other energy into mechanical energy are known as
engines.
As a means to produce material wealth, machines are invaluable in realizing the process
of production and increase many times over the productivity of human labour.
Active Vocabulary:
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Exercise 5. Answer the following question:
1. What device is called a machine?
2. What does a machine require to accomplish some work?
3. Why have people used mechanisms and machines since ancient times?
4. What is the mechanical efficiency of a machine?
5. What kinds of simple machines are there?
6. Why are machines invaluable in the process of production?
Exercise 6. Use the following suffixes to form the new words from the words
given bellow:
nouns: -tion(-sion), -ance(-ence), -ment, -ness, -ty, -ture;
adjectives: -al, -able, -ant(-ent), -ful, -less, -ous;
adverbs: -ly
construct, form, perform, transmit, require, change, thick, differ, structure, help,
assist, act, vary, complete, power, depart, danger, bad, suit, move, apply, direct,
quick, appear, create, use, allow, continue, smooth, excavate, direct, operate, attach,
fame, treat, connect, equip, fulfill, develop.
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Exercise 7. Read the text and translate it without a dictionary.
Text B
LEVER
In physics, a lever is a rigid object that is used with an appropriate fulcrum or pivot
point to multiply the mechanical force that can be applied to another object. This is
one example of the principle of moments. The principle of leverage can also be derived
using Newton’s laws of motion, and modern statics. It is important to notice that the
amount of work done is the product of force and distance. The lever allows less effort
to be applied to move an object a greater distance. For instance, to use a lever to lift
a certain unit of weight with an effort of half a unit, the distance from the fulcrum of
the spot where force is applied must be twice the distance between the weight and the
fulcrum. For example, to halve the effort of lifting a weight resting 1 metre from the
fulcrum, we would need to apply force 2 metres from the other side of the fulcrum.
The amount of work done is always the same and independent of the dimensions of the
lever (in an ideal lever). Levers are one of the six simple machines.
Notes:
fulcrum - точка опоры(вращения, приложения сил)
pivot - точка вращения(опоры)
derive - получать
Unit 2
Grammar: Tenses, Active and Passive.
Exercise 1. Define the tense of the predicates (Active Voice) and translate the
sentences:
1. Machines transmit or modify energy to perform different tasks.
2. People have used mechanisms and machines since early times.
3. The actual mechanical advantage of a simple machine will usually differ from its
theoretical value.
4. They were testing this new engine the whole day yesterday.
5. A machine normally requires some energy source to accomplish some sort of work.
6. We bought this device last week.
7. My friends are building a new house.
8. They have been building a new bridge since May.
9. First people did not know how to transform one kind of energy into another.
10. Before people invented modern machines they had used simple tools.
11. They will have built the plant by the end of the year.
12. At five in the evening he will be demonstrating the advantages of these new methods.
Exercise 2. Define the tense of the predicates (Passive Voice) and translate the
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sentences:
1. Damage in handling materials has been brought to the minimum.
2. A giant crane is being used at this construction site.
3. Large cranes are produced at our plant.
4. The production was increased after the new equipment had been installed.
5. Loads will be delivered in three days.
6. The plans to develop the district were being discussed during the meeting.
7. The plan will have been carried out by the end of the month.
Text A
MACHINE PARTS
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Machines and mechanisms are composed of various units and parts. Parts which perform
similar functions in different machines (gears, axles, wheels, bearings, etc.) are referred
to as general purpose parts.
Gears.
Gears or toothed wheels are positive type drives which are used to transmit motion
between two shafts or a shaft and a component having linear motion by meshing of two
or more gears. They have advantage over other drives like chains, belts etc. in case of
precision machines where a definite speed ratio is of importance and also in case where
the driver and the follower are in close proximity; the disadvantage is that gears are
more expensive to manufacture and their operating cost is also relatively high. Gears of
different sizes are often used in pairs for a mechanical advantage, allowing the torque
of the driving gear to produce a larger torque in the driven gear at a lower speed, or a
smaller torque at a higher speed. The larger gear is known as a wheel and the smaller
as a pinion. This is the principle of the automobile transmission, allowing selection
between various mechanical advantages.
The ratio of the rotational speeds of two meshed gears is called the Gear ratio.
Conservation of energy requires that the amount of power delivered by the output gear
or shaft will never exceed the power applied to the input gear. Work equals the product
of force and distance; therefore the small gear is required to run a longer distance and
in the process is able to exert a larger twisting force or torque, than if the gears were
the same size. There is actually some loss of output power due to friction.
Axles.
An axle is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or a gear. In some cases the axle may be
fixed in position with a bearing or a bushing sitting inside the hole in the wheel or the
gear to allow them to rotate around the axle. In other cases the wheel or gear may be
fixed to the axle, with bearings or bushings provided at the mounting points where the
axle is supported.
Axles are important structural components of a wheeled vehicle. The axles maintain
the position of the wheels relative to each other and to the vehicle body. Since for
most vehicles the wheels are the only part touching the ground, the axles must bear
the weight of the vehicle plus any cargo, and also any acceleration forces between the
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vehicle and the ground.
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Wheels.
A wheel is a round object that, together with an axle, allows low friction in motion by
rolling.
Common examples are found in transport applications. More generally the term is also
used for other circular objects that rotate or turn, such as a ship’s wheel and flywheel.
The wheel (with an axle) is considered one of the simple machines and lies near the
starting point of advanced human technology (advanced in comparison with even earlier
mechanical innovations such as stone/bone knives and axes, scoops and shovels).
When wheels are used in conjunction with axles, either the wheel turns on the axle or
the axle turns in a vehicle. The mechanics are the same in either case.
The low resistance to motion (compared to dragging) is explained as follows:
the normal force at the sliding interface is the same;
the sliding distance is reduced for a given distance of travel;
the coefficient of friction at the interface is usually lower;
bearings are used to reduce friction at the interface.
Bearings.
A bearing is a device to permit motion between two parts, typically rotation or linear
movement. Bearings may be classified broadly according to the motions they allow
and according to the principle of their operation.
Common motions include linear/axial and rotary/radial. A linear one allows motion
along a straight line. A rotary bearing allows motion about a center, such as a wheel
on a shaft or a shaft through a housing. Common kinds of rotary motion include both
one-direction rotation and oscillation where the motion only goes through part of a
revolution. Other kinds of bearings include spherical bearings such as ball joints which
are used in car suspensions.
Active Vocabulary:
1
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2
Exercise 3. Answer the following questions:
1. Why are some parts referred to as general purpose parts?
2. What are gears used for?
3. Why are gears of different sizes used in pairs?
4. What is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear called?
5. How may the axle be fixed in position?
6. What must the axles bear?
7. Where are common examples of wheels found?
8. What role does the wheel play in the advance of human technology?
9. What are the bearings used for?
10. How may bearings be classified?
Exercise 4. Open the brackets and use the proper tense:
1. The old concrete mixer (to be replaced) in several months.
2. A new crane (to be installed) at our plant now.
3. We (to study) laws of motion at the last lesson.
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4. People (to use) simple tools since early times.
5. The engineers (to test) a new device in the laboratory now.
6. Some new types of hoisting equipment (to be manufactured) already.
7. The builders (to apply) many different hoisting mechanisms while constructing a
multistorey building.
8. The crane (to be fitted) with a powerful diesel last month.
9. The truck (to have) a large capacity.
10. The site (to be prepared) before the crane (to arrive) there.
Exercise 5. Translate the text without a dictionary.
Text B
PULLEY
A pulley is a wheel with a groove along its edge, for holding a rope or a cable.
Pulleys are usually used in sets designed to reduce the amount of force needed to lift
a load.
However, the same amount of work is necessary for the load to reach the same height
as it would without the pulleys. The magnitude of the force is reduced, but it must act
through a longer distance. The effort needed to pull a load up is roughly the weight of
the load divided by the number of wheels. The more wheels there are, the less efficient
a system is, because of more friction between the rope and the wheels. Pulleys are one
of the six simple machines.
It is not known when or by whom the pulley was first developed, but most likely it
came from Eurasia. The basic building block of a pulley, the wheel, was unknown to
cultures in the western hemisphere, sub-Saharan Africa and Australia. It is believed
however that Archimedes developed the first documented block and pulley system, as
recorded by Plutarch.
Notes:
groove - желоб
edge - край
magnitude - величина
hemisphere - полушарие
Unit 3
Grammar: Modal Verbs;
Degrees of comparison;
Functions of “one” and “that”
Exercise 1. Translate the sentences paying attention to modal verbs:
1. Students must know the properties of building materials.
2. Bricks can be transported by pallets.
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