Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrition of Cattle

302 Pages·2006·2.4 MB·English

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrition of Cattle
ReducingtheEnvironmentalImpactofCattleOperations
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Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Nutrition of Cattle
Reducing the Environmental Impact of
Cattle Operations
Editedby
Ernst Pfeffer
Institutfu¨rTiererna¨hrungderUniversita¨tBonn,EndenicherAllee
15,D-53115Bonn,Germany
and
Alexander N. Hristov
DepartmentofAnimal&VeterinaryScience,UniversityofIdaho,
POBox44-2330,Moscow,ID83844-2330,USA
CABI
Publishing
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may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically,
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copyrightowners.
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary,London,UK.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress,
Washington,DC,USA.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Nitrogenandphosphorusnutritionincattle/editedbyAlexanderA.Hristovand
ErnstPfeffer.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferences(p.).
ISBN0-85199-013-4(alk.paper)
1. Cattle--Feeding and feeds. 2. Nitrogen in animal nutrition. 3. Phosphorus in
animalnutrition.I.Hristov,AlexanderA.II.Pfeffer,Ernst.III.Title.
SF203.N582005
636.2’0852--dc22
2004022637
ISBN0851990134
TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India
PrintedandboundintheUKbyBiddlesLtd,King’sLynn
Contents
Contributors vi
1 InteractionsbetweenCattleandtheEnvironment:aGeneralIntroduction 1
E.PfefferandA.N.Hristov
2 NitrogenRequirementsofCattle 13
C.G.Schwab,P.Huhtanen,C.W.HuntandT.Hvelplund
3 NitrogenMetabolismintheRumen 71
N.D.Walker,C.J.NewboldandR.J.Wallace
4 FactorsAffectingtheEfficiencyofNitrogenUtilizationintheRumen 117
A.N.HristovandJ.-P.Jouany
5 Whole-animalNitrogenBalanceinCattle 167
J.L.FirkinsandC.Reynolds
6 PhosphorusMetabolismintheRumen 187
R.L.KincaidandM.Rodehutscord
7 PhosphorusMetabolisminRuminantsandRequirementsofCattle 195
E.Pfeffer,D.K.BeedeandH.Valk
8 EffectsofDietaryPhosphorusandNitrogenonCattleReproduction 233
J.D.FergusonandD.Sklan
9 ImprovingtheEfficiencyofNutrientUseonCattleOperations 255
J.Schro¨der,A.BanninkandR.Kohn
Index 281
v
Contributors
DrBannink,WageningenUniversityandResearchCentre,InstituteforAnimalScienceandHealth,
POBox65,8200ABLelystad,TheNetherlands.
Dr Beede, Michigan State University, Department of Animal Science, 2265K Anthony Hall, East
Lansing,MI48824-1225,USA.
DrFerguson,UniversityofPennsylvania,DepartmentofClinicalStudies,NewBoldonCenter,382
WestStreetRoad,KennettSquare,PA19348,USA.
DrFirkins,OhioStateUniversity,DepartmentofAnimalSciences,CollegeofFood,Agricultureand
EnvironmentalScience,Columbus,OH43210,USA.
Dr Hristov, University of Idaho, Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, PO Box 44-2330,
Moscow,ID83844-2330,USA.
DrHuhtanen,MTTAgrifoodResearchCentre,AnimalProductionResearch,FIN-31600,Jokioinen,
Finland.
Dr Hunt, University of Idaho, Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, PO Box 44-2330,
Moscow,ID83844-2330,USA.
DrHvelplund,InstituteofAgriculturalSciences,DepartmentofAnimalNutritionandPhysiology,PO
Box50,DK-8830Tjele,Denmark.
DrJouany,InstitutNationaldelaRechercheAgronomique,CentredeClermond-Ferrand–Theix,
F-63122SaintGenesChampanelle,France.
DrKincaid,WashingtonStateUniversity,AnimalSciencesDepartment,Pullman,WA99164-6310,
USA.
Dr Kohn, University of Maryland, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, College Park, MD
20742,USA.
DrNewbold,RowettResearchInstitute,Bucksburn,Aberdeen,AB219SB,UK.
ProfessorPfeffer,Institut fu¨rTiererna¨hrung der Universita¨tBonn,Endenicher Allee 15,D-53115
Bonn,Germany.
DrReynolds,CollegeofFood,AgricultureandEnvironmentalSciences,Wooster,OH44691,USA.
DrRodehutscord,Martin-Luther-UniversitatHalle-Wittenberg,InstitutfurErnahrungswissenschaf-
ten,D-06108Halle(Saale),Germany.
DrSchro¨der,PlantResearchInternational,WageningenUniversityandResearchCentre,POBox16,
6700AAWageningen,TheNetherlands.
DrSchwab,UniversityofNewHampshire,DepartmentofAnimalandNutritionSciences,Ritzman
Lab,22ColovosRoad,Durham,NH03824,USA.
vi
Contributors vii
DrSklan,HebrewUniversity,FacultyofAgriculture,POBox12,Rehovot76-100,Israel.
DrValk,AnimalSciencesGroup,Edelhertweg15,POBox65,NL8233ABLelystad,TheNetherlands.
DrWalker,RowettResearchInstitute,Bucksburn,Aberdeen,AB219SB,UK.
DrWallace,RowettResearchInstitute,Bucksburn,Aberdeen,AB219SB,UK.
Preface
Animals depend on regular supply of a number of nutrients serving different functions in their
metabolism.Thesenutrientshavetobeprovidedbyfeedsingestedbytheanimals.Normally,nutrients
yieldingmetabolizableenergyareresponsibleformostofthefeedcost.Forthisreasonitappearedlogical
foralongtimetoaimatmaximumefficientutilizationoffeedenergyasthetargetofcalculatingrations
forfarmanimals,whilemoreorlessgenerous‘safetymargins’wererecommendedwithrespecttoless
expensivenutrientsbyadvisorsinallcountriesuntilrecently.
Thispurelyeconomicalapproachofoptimizingrationsdidnottakeintoconsiderationthefateofthat
partofingestednutrientswhichisnottransferredintotheanimalproducts.Onlytowardstheendofthe
20thcenturywasitgenerallyrecognizedthatanimalunitsmaybethecauseofdramaticlocalorregional
surplusesofnutrientscreatingseriousimpactsonsoil,waterandair.
Limiting nitrate in drinking water to lowered concentrations after changed legislation appeared
especiallycriticalfromgroundwaterfoundinregionswithhighstockingdensitiesoffarmanimalsand
itwasestimatedthatdairycowswereresponsibleformorethanhalfoftheammoniaemittedintotheair,
consequently causing accumulations of nitrogenous compounds in natural precipitation. Even after
removalofphosphatesfromdetergentsintensivegrowthofalgaewasobservedinlakesandstreamsand
this was interpreted to a great proportion as a consequence of phosphate enrichment in particulate
mattertransferredfromfieldsintosurfacewaterduetoerosion.Again,thehighestphosphateconcen-
trationsofsoilswerefoundinregionswithveryhighstockingdensities.
Animal nutritionists increasingly realized that this situation is to be seen as a challenge to their
scientificdiscipline.Avoidingnutrientdeficienciesbyallowingunnecessarysafetyadditionsmayignore
theecologicaldemandthatproductionoffoodforhumanshastobesustainable.
Agreatnumberofstudiesdealingwithdetailsofsustainableanimalproductionhasbeencarriedout
andpublishedandanyattempttosurveythepresentstateofthearthastoberestrictedwithrespectto
speciesaswellasnutrients.Thisbook,therefore,isrestrictedtonitrogenandphosphorusincattle,from
basicbiologicalfactstopracticalfeedingandfarmmanagement.
TheeditorsaregratefultoallauthorsfortheirrespectivecontributionsandtoCABIforpublishingthis
book.InSeptember2004wereceivedthesadnewsofthedeathofDavidSklan,hewillberemembered
asarespectedscientistandadearcolleague.
ErnstPfefferandAlexHristov
Bonn,Germany,andMoscow,Idaho,October2004.
viii
Abbreviations
Chapter1:
AFO Animalfeedingoperation
CAA CleanAirAct
CAFO Concentratedanimalfeedingoperation
CWA CleanWaterAct
DM Drymatter
ELG Effluentlimitationsguidelines
EPA EnvironmentalProtectionAgency
NMP Nutrientmanagementplan
NPDES Nutrientpollutiondischargeeliminationsystem
NPN Non-proteinnitrogen
PM Particulatematter(equivalentdiameterslessthan(cid:1)mm)
x
TMR Totalmixedration
VAPS Voluntaryalternativeperformancestandards
VOC Volatileorganiccompounds
Chapter2:
AA Aminoacids
AAT Aminoacidsabsorbedfromthesmallintestine
ADG Averagedailygain
ADIN Aciddetergentinsolublenitrogen
ATP Adenosinetri-phosphate
BW Bodyweight
CNCPS CornellNetCarbohydrateandProteinSystem
CP Crudeprotein
dCHO Intakeofdigestiblecarbohydrates
DIM Daysinmilk
DIP Digestibleintakeprotein
DK Danishsystemofproteinevaluation
DM Drymatter
ix
x Abbreviations
DMI Drymatterintake
DOM Digestibleorganicmatter
DUP Digestibleundegradedprotein
DVE DarmVerteerbarEiwit
EAA Essentialaminoacids
ECM Energycorrectedmilk
ECP Endogenouscrudeprotein
EDP Effectiveproteindegradability
EE Etherextract
EDP Effectivedegradabilityofprotein
EPD Effectiveproteindegradability
EQSBW Equivalentshrunkbodyweight
ERDP Effectiverumendegradableprotein
FIN Finnishsystemofproteinevaluation
FME Fermentablemetabolizableenergy
FOM Fermentableorganicmatter
GER Germansystemofproteinevaluation
His Histidine
INRA InstitutNationaledelaRechercheAgronomique
L Leedingoffeeding(multipleofmaintenance)
Leu Leucine
Lys Lysine
MCP Microbialcrudeprotein
Met Methionine
MP Metabolizableprotein
MPY Milkproteinyield
MSPE Meansquaredpredictionerror
MUN Milkureanitrogen
NDF Neutraldetergentfibre
NAN Non-ammonianitrogen
NE Netenergy
NPN Non-proteinnitrogen
NRC NationalResearchCouncil
NSC Non-structuralcarbohydrates
nXP Utilizablecrudeprotein
OM Organicmatter
PBV Proteinbalancevalueintherumen
PDIA Trulydigestiblerumenundegradedprotein
PDIE Proteinvalue,whenenergyislimitingmicrobialgrowth
PDIN Proteinvalue,whennitrogenislimitingmicrobialgrowth
QDP Quicklydegradedprotein
RDP Rumendegradablefeedprotein
RE Retainedenergy
RMSE Rootmeansquareerror
RUP Rumenundegradablefeedprotein
SDP Slowlydegradedprotein
TDN Totaldigestiblenutrients
Thr Threonine
TP Tissueprotein
VAL Valine
VFA Volatilefattyacids
WG Weightgain