Nitric Oxide in Plant Physiology

230 Pages·2009·2.19 MB·English

by  Shamsul Hayat

Nitric Oxide in Plant Physiology
Edited by
Shamsul Hayat, Masaki Mori,
John Pichtel, and Aqil Ahmad
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Nitric Oxide in Plant Physiology
Edited by
Shamsul Hayat, Masaki Mori, John Pichtel,
and Aqil Ahmad
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V
Contents
Preface XI
List of Contributors XIII
1 NitricOxide:Chemistry,Biosynthesis,andPhysiologicalRole 1
ShamsulHayat,SyedAimanHasan,MasakiMori,QaziFariduddin,
andAqilAhmad
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 NitricOxideChemistry 2
1.3 BiosynthesisofNitricOxide 3
1.4 PhysiologicalRoleofNitricOxide 5
1.4.1 EffectofNitricOxideonSeedDormancy 5
1.4.2 EffectofNitricOxideonGrowth 6
1.4.3 EffectofNitricOxideonSenescence 6
1.4.4 EffectofNitricOxideonNitrateReductaseActivity 7
1.4.5 EffectofNitricOxideonRespiration 7
1.4.6 EffectofNitricOxideonStomatalMovement 7
1.4.7 EffectofNitricOxideonChlorophyllContent 7
1.4.8 EffectofNitricOxideonPhotosynthesis 8
1.4.9 EffectofNitricOxideonAntioxidantSystem 8
1.4.10 EffectofNitricOxideonProgrammedCellDeath 9
1.5 NitricOxideandCrossTalkwithClassicalPlantHormones 10
1.5.1 AuxinsandNitricOxide 10
1.5.2 AbscisicAcidandNitricOxide 11
1.5.3 Cytokinins,Gibberellins,andNitricOxide 11
1.5.4 EthyleneandNitricOxide 12
References 12
2 ElectronParamagneticResonanceasaTooltoStudyNitric
OxideGenerationinPlants 17
SusanaPuntarulo,SebastiánJasid,AlejandroD.Boveris,
andMarcelaSimontacchi
2.1 Introduction 17
VI Contents
2.1.1 ChemistryofNitrogen-ActiveSpecies 17
2.1.2 BiologicalEffectsofNO 18
2.2 MethodsofNODetection 19
2.2.1 DeterminationofNObySpecificElectrodes 19
2.2.2 DeterminationofNObySpectrophotometric
andFluorometricMethods 19
2.2.3 DeterminationofNObyElectronParamagneticResonance 20
2.2.3.1 SpecificExperimentalAdvances 20
2.3 UseofEPRMethodologyforAssayingEnzymeActivities 22
2.3.1 NOS-LikeDependentNOGeneration 24
2.3.2 NitrateReductase-DependentNOGeneration 24
2.4 ApplicationofEPRMethodstoAssessNOGenerationDuring
PlantDevelopment 26
2.5 Conclusions 27
References 27
3 Calcium,NO,andcGMPSignalinginPlantCellPolarity 31
AnaMargaridaPrado,JoséA.Feijó,andDavidMarshallPorterfield
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 CellPolarityandPlantGametophyteDevelopment 33
3.3 CalciumSignalinginPollenandFernSpores 34
3.4 NO/cGMPSignalinginPollenandFernSpores 35
3.5 NO/cGMPinPollen–PistilInteractions 38
3.6 OvuleTargetingandNO/cGMP 39
3.7 Ca2þ/NO/cGMPConnection? 42
3.8 ClosingPerspectives 46
References 48
4 NitricOxideandAbioticStressinHigherPlants 51
FranciscoJ.Corpas,JoséM.Palma,MarinaLeterrier,LuisA.delRío,
andJuanB.Barroso
4.1 Introduction 51
4.2 NitricOxideandRelatedMolecules 52
4.2.1 ChemistryofNitricOxideinPlantCells 52
4.2.2 ReactiveNitrogenSpecies 52
4.3 CellularTargetsofNO 54
4.3.1 NitrosylatedMetals 54
4.3.2 ProteinS-Nitrosylation 55
4.3.3 ProteinTyrosineNitration 55
4.3.4 Nitrolipids 55
4.3.5 NucleicAcidNitration 56
4.3.6 NOandGeneRegulation 56
4.4 FunctionsofNOinPlantAbioticStress 57
4.4.1 Salinity 57
Contents VII
4.4.2 UltravioletRadiation 58
4.4.3 Ozone 58
4.4.4 MechanicalWounding 59
4.4.5 ToxicMetals(CadmiumandAluminum) 59
4.5 ConcludingRemarks 60
References 61
5 PolyaminesandCytokinin:IsNitricOxideBiosynthesisthe
KeytoOverlappingFunctions? 65
RinukshiWimalasekeraandGüntherF.E.Scherer
5.1 Introduction 65
5.2 Cytokinin-andPolyamine-InducedNOBiosynthesis 66
5.3 TissueDistributionofZeatin-InducedandPA-Induced
NOFormation 67
5.4 NitricOxide,Cytokinin,andPolyaminesinPlantGrowthand
DevelopmentandinAbioticandBioticStresses 68
5.4.1 Embryogenesis 68
5.4.2 Flowering 69
5.4.3 Senescence 69
5.4.4 ProgrammedCellDeath 69
5.4.5 AbioticStresses 70
5.4.6 BioticStresses 71
References 73
6 RoleofNitricOxideinProgrammedCellDeath 77
MichelaZottini,AlexCosta,RobertoDeMichele,andFiorellaLoSchiavo
6.1 ProgrammedCellDeathinPlants 77
6.1.1 PCDHallmarksandRegulation 78
6.2 NOasaSignalingMolecule 79
6.2.1 NOIsAbletoInduceorInhibitPCD 79
6.2.2 NitricOxideandPCDinHypersensitiveResponse 80
6.2.3 SignalingComponentinSA-InducedNOProduction 80
6.3 RoleofMitochondriainNO-InducedPCD 84
6.4 Conclusions 85
References 85
7 NitrateReductase-DeficientPlants:AModeltoStudyNitric
OxideProductionandSignalinginPlantDefenseResponse
toPathogenAttack 89
IoneSalgado,HalleyCaixetadeOliveira,andMarciaReginaBraga
7.1 Introduction 89
7.2 PhysicochemicalBasisofNOSignaling 91
7.3 DefenseResponsesMediatedbyNO 92
7.3.1 AccumulationofDefensiveCompounds 92
VIII Contents
7.3.2 HypersensitiveResponse 93
7.3.3 SystemicResponses 94
7.3.4 StomatalClosure 94
7.4 SubstratesforNOProductionDuringPlant–Pathogen
Interactions 95
7.4.1 ProductionofNOfromL-Arginine 95
7.4.2 ProductionofNOfromNitrite 95
7.5 TheRoleofNitrateReductaseinNOProductionDuring
Plant–PathogenInteractions 97
References 98
8 EffectivePlantProtectionWeaponsAgainstPathogensRequire
‘‘NOBullets’’ 103
LuziaV.Modolo
8.1 Introduction 103
8.2 NitricOxideandReactiveOxygenSpeciesinthe
HypersensitiveResponse 104
8.3 NitricOxideandPhytoalexinProduction 107
8.4 NitricOxideandtheSalicylicAcidSignalingPathway 108
8.5 NitricOxideandtheJasmonicAcidSignalingPathway 109
8.6 NitricOxideandGeneRegulation 109
8.7 NitricOxideandProteinRegulation 110
8.8 ConcludingRemarks 111
References 111
9 TheRoleofNitricOxideasaBioactiveSignalingMoleculein
PlantsUnderAbioticStress 115
Gang-PingHaoandJian-HuaZhang
9.1 Introduction 116
9.2 BiosynthesisofNitricOxideUnderAbioticStress 116
9.2.1 NOGeneratedfromNOS-LikeActivityUnderAbioticStress 116
9.2.2 NOGeneratedfromNRUnderAbioticStress 120
9.3 NOSignalingFunctionsinAbioticStressResponses 121
9.3.1 FunctionofNOUnderDroughtStress 122
9.3.2 FunctionofNOUnderSaltStress 123
9.3.3 FunctionofNOUnderUltravioletRadiation 125
9.3.4 FunctionofNOUnderHeatandLowTemperature 126
9.3.5 FunctionofNOUnderHeavyMetalStress 126
9.3.6 FunctionofNOUnderOtherAbioticStresses 127
9.4 NOSignalTransductioninPlantsUnderAbioticStress 128
9.4.1 cGMP-DependentSignaling 128
9.4.2 DownstreamSignalingforNOAction 129
9.5 InteractionsofNOSignalingwithOtherSignalingMoleculesin
PlantResponsetoAbioticStress 131
References 135