Table Of ContentElytra,Tokyo,35(2):507-527,November3,2007
Nipponocyphon,aNewGenusofJapaneseScirtidae(Coleoptera)
anditsPhylogeneticSignificance
John F. LAWRENCE
CSIROEntomology,GPOBox1700,Canberra,ACT2601,Australia*
and
HiroyukiYosHIToMI
BioindicatorCo., Ltd. (SapporoBranch), Kita1,Nishi2-11,
Chuo-ku,Sapporo,060-0001Japan
Abstract Nippor1oyp11onnakane1genetspnov.,isdescribedfromJapan,and
anewsupergenericclassificationofScirtidaeisproposedbasedoncladisticanalysesof
22scirtidgeneraandonegenuseachfromDerodontidae,EucinetidaeandDecliniidae
with56adult morphological characters. NipponocyphoninaeandStenocyphoninae,
subfam nov., are proposed based on the generaNipponoyphon and Stenocyp11on,
respectively.
Introduction
The familyScirtidaeisarelatively largecosmopolitan familycontaining34de-
scribedgenera, but the faunaispoorly known for anybut theHolarctic regionand
phylogeneticrelationshipsofdescribedgeneraarepoorlyunderstood. Except for the
placementofAmplectopusSHARP(seeDiscussionbelow),monophylyofthe familyhas
neverbeenquestioned,partlyduetouniquefeaturesofthemalegenitaliaandofknown
larvae; however, in therecentlydescribedStenocyphonsasaJii LAWRENCE, 2001both
maleandfemalegenitaliaexhibitaradicallydifferentstructure. Thediscoveryofan
unusualscirtid-1ikebeetle from themountainsof HonshuandShikoku, Japan,stimu-
latedtheauthorstocarefullyreconsiderfamilylimitsandrelationshipsamonggeneraof
ScirtidaeandrelatedgroupsofbasalPolyphaga.
Materials and Methods
The followingabbreviationshavebeenused forspecimen repositories: ANIC -
*Mailingaddress:130HartwigRd.,Gympie,QLD4570,Australia
508 John F.LAWRENCEandHiroyukiYosHIToM1
,一
ff,
、 ,..f
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11
Fig.1. Nipponocyp1/onnakatleisp nov.,holotypemale.Photomicrographdigitallyenhanced
Australian National Insect Collection; EUM - Ehime University, Matsuyama;
NMW - Natura1History Museum,Wien; NSMT - Natura1Museumof Natureand
Science, Tokyo; NZAC - New Zealand Arthropod Collection; SEHU - Systematic
Entomology, HokkaidoUniversity - T. NAKANECollection.
Imagein Fig.1wasenhancedusingAuto-Montagesoftwareversion4.00(Synop-
ticsLtd., http://www.syncroscopy.com).
Symbolsusedinmeasurementsandratios:TL=total lengthincludinghead;BL=
bodylength(excludinghead,PL十EL);PL=pronota11engthatmidline;PW=greatest
pronota1width; EL=elytra11ength alongsuture, includingscutellum; EW=greatest
elytra1width. Thetermsmesoventriteandmetaventritehavebeenused inplaceof
mesosternumandmetasternumfollowingLAWRENCE(1999). Wingveinterminology
followsthat of KUKALovA-PEcKandLAWRENCE(1993, 2004).
NewScirtidGenusNipponocypho,1fromJapan 509
Figs 2-11. Nipponocypho1t ,1akaneisp nov.,paratype, female;2, headinventral view; 3,labium;4,
mandible;5,maxilla;6,antenna;7,prosternum;8,scutellum;9,metendosternite;10,mesoventrite
andmetaventrite;11,setaeandpuncturesonelytra.
Nipponocyphongen nov
Typespecies:Nipponocyphon nakane1sp no v.
Description. Adult. Body (Fig. 1)moderatelyelongateandparallel-sided,some-
what flattened, clothedwithsuberect hairs. Headmoderately strongly declined but
visiblefromabove;eyesmoderatelylarge,stronglyprotuberant,finely facetted;sidesof
headimmediatelybehindeyesslightlyinflated;transverseoccipitalcarinaabsent;ventral
epicranialridgeswelldeveloped;supra-antennalcarinaewellmarkedbutnot produced
510 JohnF. LAWRENCEandHiroyukiYosHIToMI
over antennal insertions, whichareslightlyexposed; antennal fossaemoderatelywell
developed,eachextendinglaterallytoedgeofeyebutnot aswideasantennal insertion,
continued ventrally as broad, subantenna1groove; subocular carina absent. Frons
barely sloping anteriorly; frontoclypea1suture well impressed, slightly curved, with
distincttentorialpitsateitherend;clypeusstronglytransverse,slightlywideranteriorly,
sidesslightlyrounded,apextruncate.Ventralportionofhead(Fig 2)betweensubgena1
carinaeflattosomewhat concave,except forgulararea, whichisslightlyconvex; gular
sutures widely separated; corporotentoria1bridge very broad. Antennae (Fig 6)
relativelyshort,ifextendedposteriorlyreachingjustbeyondelytra1bases,moniliformto
slightlyincrassate, antennomeresspiculateandpubescent; 1and2short andovate, 1
slightlywider than2,3elongateandslender,about2.67X aslongaswide, 4slightly
wider andabout 2.OX aslongaswide,5to8progressivelyshorterandofequalwidth,
9and10about aslongaswide,11about133X aslongaswide.
Labrum completely exposed, strongly transverse, about 0.37X as longaswide,
sidesstronglyrounded,apexsubtruncate; tormaeshort andquadratewithacutemesal
process. Mandibles (Fig 4) slightly longer than wide at base, apex strongly and
abruptly curvedmesally and unidentate; basal half of outer edgewithsharp dorsal
carinadividingexposedsurfacefromthatconcealedbeneathclypeusandlabrum;molae
well-developed, asymmetrical, surfaces of both very finely tuberculate. Prostheca
well-developed, consistingof apical tuft of hairsandmembranous lobewithsurface
hairsat molar end. Maxillae (Fig 5) with galeaslightly expandedsubapicallyand
setose; 1acinia with inner edge lined with long setae and apex bearing hook-like,
tridentateuncus;apicalpalpomerestronglyexpandedandsecuriform. Labium(Fig 3)
withmentumtransverseandtrapeziform; ligulastronglyexpandedapicallyandtruncate
with internal longitudinal strut; apicalpalpomereattachedat endof preapica1one,
stronglyexpandedandsecuriform. Cervicalscleriteswelldeveloped.
Prothoraxstrongly transverse, about 0.5X aslongaswide;sidesstronglycurved
and explanate; anterior edgevery weakly trisinuate, almost truncate; anterior angles
rounded, not produced forward; posterior anglesmoreor less right; lateral carinae
completeand finelydenticulate,without raisedmargin;baseslightlyproduced forming
broadlobe,slightlyemarginateatmidline,withdistinctmarginobliteratedlaterally;disc
veryslightly,somewhatunevenlyconvexwithnarrow,slightlycurved,transversebasal
groovejoiningpairofsmall,deep foveae.
Prosternummoderatelywelldeveloped,almost aslongasshortest coxaldiameter;
anterioredgeslightlyconcave; intercoxa1processlong,moderatelynarrowandparallel-
sided,moderatelyarchedbutnotextendingbelowcoxae,slightlyexpandedandtruncate
atapexandslightlyoverlappingmesoventrite. Procoxaetransverse,subtriangular and
strongly projecting, with weak longitudinal carina ending before apex; trochantin
narrowly triangular, exposed, broadlyattached toendopleuron, which is slightlyex-
pandedapically with a weak anterior projection. Procoxa1cavities verybroadly open
internallyandexternally, withno traceof postcoxa1,notalprojections.
Scutellum (Fig 8) subpentagona1, with apex somewhat rounded; anterior edge
NewScirtidGenusNippo11oyphon fromJapan 511
1mm CUA2 MP3+4+CuA1
Fig.12. Nipponocyp11onnakane1sp nov.,hindwing
abruptly raised, straight,simple. Elytraelongate, 1.85-2.25X as long aswide, only
slightlywideratbasethanprothorax,parallel-sided forbasal two-thirds,thengradually
narrowed toconjointly roundedapices; humeri well-developed, lyingjust abovesharp
carina extending from sides of scutellum to elytra1 apices; epipleura narrow and
extendingalmost toapex; punctation (Fig. 11) seriate,eachelytronwith10puncture
rowsandscute11arystriole,eachintervalwithadditionalpuncturerow.
Mesoventrite(Fig.10)stronglytransverse;sidesmoderatelyoblique;anterioredge
with pair of narrow, slightly curved and strongly elevated coxal rests; discrimen
complete to base of mesoventral process, anterior portionslightly widened forming
narrow, shallow groove for reception of short keel lyingabove presternal process;
mesoventra1process short and acute not extending to metaventrite; mesepisternum
sharplyelevatedanteriorlyto formnarrowprocoxa1rest;mesepimeronslightlyshorter,
separatedbydeepgroove(pleuralsuture);mesocoxa1cavitiesconfluent,openlaterally
(partlyclosedbymesepimeron); internalmeso-metathoracicjoint membranous;meso-
coxaeconicalandprojecting;mesotrochantinmoderatelywell-developedandexposed,
elongate.
Metaventriteslightly transverse, about 0.75X as longas wide, slightly convex;
discrimen complete to base of metaventra1process; transverse (katepisterna1) suture
welldeveloped,extendingoneachsidetoaboutmiddleofmetacoxa;metanepisternum
subrectangular, about 3.5 timesaslongaswide; metepimeronnot visible. Metacoxae
moderately large, only slightlyoblique, extending laterally toelytra1epipleura;meta-
coxa1platecompletebutmorewell developedmesally. Metendosternite(Fig 9)with
longstalk,moderatelylongarms,well-developedventrolateralprocesses,longbutbroad
anteriorprocessandwellseparatedanterior tendons.
Hindwing(Fig.12)about2.25timesaslongaswide; apicalfieldabout0.25 times
total wing length,with threebroadpigmentpatchesandanarrower, longitudinal one
crossingr4;radialcellsubtriangular,shorterthanbroad,itslumenentirelyobscuredby
pigment, which extendsbeyond thecell basally and posteriorly; cross-vein r3short,
slightlycurved,arisingseparatelyfromr4,whichisstronglycurvedandcomplete;basal
portionof RP veryshort andstraight; radio-medial loopbroad;medialspurstraight,
512 John F. LAWRENCEandHiroyukiYosHIToMI
almostreachingwingmargin,wherethereisaslightembayment;medialfieldwith4free
veins, MP3+4十CuA1, CuA2, AA3 and AA4, the last of which extends to anal fold;
MP3_+4withoutbasalspurorcross-vein; wedgecellsmall, about halfaslongasmedial
spur,obliquelytruncateatapex,withCuA1+2arisingataboutapicalthirdandsubequa1
in length toCuA1; anal notchdeep;AP3+4simple.
Legsmoderatelylongandslender;trochantermoderatelylong;trochanterofemora1
joint obliquebutwell removedfromcoxa; femoraandtibiaesubequa1in length, the
formerslightlyenlargedatmiddle,thelatterslenderandonlybarelyexpandedapically;
tibialsurfaceswithout longitudinalcarinaeorspines;tibialspursshort,simple,subequa1;
tarsusabouthalfaslongastibia,tarsomere1aboutaslongas2and3combined,slightly
expandedventrally;tarsomeres2to4morestronglyexpandedventrally forminglobes,
thoseon 2and 3moreor less truncate, that on4distinctlyemarginate; tarsomere5
longest,tarsomeres1-4setosebelow;pretarsa1clawssimple;empodiumnot apparent.
Abdomen(Fig.13)about2.35timesaslongaswide,flattened;ventrites1-4more
or lessequal in length,5slightly longer;all freelyarticulated;1aterosternitessharply
delimited, narrow. Tergites I-VIII lightly sclerotized; spiracles located in pleural
membrane,absentonsegmentVIII;tergiteVIIIinmale(Fig.14)broadlytruncateand
densely setose apically and broadlyemarginateat base,sterniteVIII (Fig. 15) with
median apical incision separating twobroadly rounded lobes, basally withbroadly
rounded platesclerotized rim. Tergite VIII in femaleslightly emarginateapically,
basallywithpaired,slightlydivergent, lateralstruts,sterniteVIII deeplyemarginate
apically, truncate basally. Tergite IX inmale (Fig. 16) deeplyemarginateapically
formingpairofwidelyseparatedlaterotergites,but fusedatbasewithtergiteX,which
is truncate and setose at apex; sternite IX (Fig. 17) elongate asymmetrical, with
obliquelytruncateapexandbroadly roundedbasalplatewithsclerotizedrim. Rectum
with6cuticular rings.
Aedeagus (Figs. 18-19) lyingon itssidewhen retracted; penis somewhat com-
pressedlaterally,curvedsothatwhenprotractedtheapexisslightlycurveddorsallyand
thebasemorestronglycurveddorsally,withanarrowprojection towhich thesymmet-
ricalparameresareattached;eachparamerelongandmoderatelynarrow,expandedat
middleandnarrowedagainapicallytoformnarrowlyroundedlobewithfewsetaeat
apex;apexofpenisbearingseveralspicules;endopha11uswithmassof longitudinally
orientedsetaeorspicules.
Ovipositor (Fig 21)slightlyshorter thanas last twoventritescombinedand2.7
timesas long(excludingstyli) asgreatest width, widest at middle; lightlysclerotized
exceptforbaculi. Proctiger (tergiteX)lightlysclerotized,broadlyroundedanddensely
setoseat apex;paraproctsalmost as longasgonocoxites,parallel-sided, with ventral
sinuate bacula slightly converging apically; proximal gonocoxites about as long as
combinedwidth,withtransverse,slightlyobliquebacula,andsidesstronglyconverging
apically; distal gonocoxites each about 6 times as long as wide, parallel-sided and
palpiform;styliapical,expandedandtruncate,eachbearing2setae,oneateachapical
angle.
NewScirtidGenusNipponocyp1/on fromJapan 513
16
19
Figs. 13-21. Nippo,tocyphonnakatlel sp nov., paratype, male (l3-19)and female (20-21); 13,
abdomen; 14, tergiteVIII; 15,sterniteVIII; 16, tergite IX-X; 17,sternite IX;18,aedeagusin
lateralview; 19,aedeagusinventralview;20,sterniteVII;21,ovipositor.
514 JohnF.LAWRENCEandHiroyukiYosHIToMI
Glender. Masculine
Nipponocyphonnakaneisp
n ov
(Figs.1-21)
1)escription. Male. Length4.3-4.45mm. Bodyabout2.5timesaslongaswide,
moreorlessparallel-sidedandflattened,clothedwithsuberect,yellowhairs. Coloration
yellowtoreddish-brownordarkbrown;head,prothorax,undersides,antennaeandlegs
somewhat lighter than elytra, whichmay be lighter mesally than laterally. Head
(without labrum) 0.80Xas1ongaswide, moreor less flattened,slightly, irregularly
concaveatmiddle,finelyanddenselypunctate;eyesprominent. Antennaemoderately
long,extendingposteriorlytoaboutbasal fourthofelytra;antennomeres3-ll distinctly
longerthanwide,11morethan t 5timesaslongasteandmore than twiceaslongas
wide. Pronotumabout0.5timesaslongaswide,sidesexplanateandsubsinuate,widest
just in front of middle; discsomewhat uneven, with transversegroovejoiningpair of
broad, weak impressionsbehind anterior edge, pair of weak, paramedia1elevations
separated by longitudinal groove just in front ofmiddle, pair of longitudinallyoval
impressionsjust behindmiddle, andslender transversegroovejoining pair ofsmall,
sublatera1pitsjust in frontofposterioredge;punctation fineanddense. Elytra1about
twiceaslongaswideand5timesaslongaspronotum,withrowswithpunctureswhich
arecoarser andmoredenselypackedthanonpronotum,but with rowsofsmaller
punctures in intervals; interspacessmooth andshiny. VentriteV moderatelyevenly
roundedexceptat apex,wherethereisanarrow,shallowemargination.
Fema1e. Length 4.6mm. Antennae somewhat shorter than in male, with
antennomere111essthan t5timesaslongasteandlessthan t5timesaslongaswide.
Body2.34timesaslongaswide. Pronotum0.51timesaslongaswide. Elytra196times
as long aswideand 5.ll times as long aspronotum. Ventrite5 evenly, narrowly
roundedat apex.
Measurementsand ratios. Measurementsinmm: TL (male)4.3-4.45(4.36),PL
0.6-0.68(0.65),PW1.16-1.36(1.26),EL3.12-3.6(3.4),EW144-1.88(1.66±0.l9).
Ratios:BL/EW2.21-2.63(2.46);PL/PW0.50-0.53(0.52),EL/EW185-2.24(2.06);
EL/PL4.88-5.67(5.24). Ratioofantennomerelengths:male:1.12:1.00:1.75:1.75:
1.62:1.50:1.50:1.50:1.50:1.50:2.40; female: 1.43:1.00:1.71:1.57:1.43:1.43:
1.43: 1.29: 1.29: 1.29: 1.86. Antennomere length-width ratios: (male) 1.12:1.33:
1.75:1.55:1.44:1.33:1.33:1.33:1.33:1.33:2.22; (female) 1.25:1.16:2.00:1.57:
1.25: 1.25: 1.11: 1.00: 1.00: 1.00: 1.44.
Type material. Holotype: Male, Nikko, Tochigi Pref., 11~13-VI-l967, H.
TAKIzAwAleg. (NSMT). Paratypes:1female,Tashiroyama-rindo,1,300m,Kuriyama,
TochigiProf.,6-VI-l982,N.MoRIsHIMAleg(ANIC,drywingslideanddissectionin
glycerine); 1male, Mt. Gomadan, Wakayama Prof., 22-V-1997, 1. MAToBA leg.
(NSMT); lmale, Chu-zenji, Tochigi Pref., 9-VII-1917, EdmeGALLoIs (SEHU);1
male, Joju, lye,1~3-VI-1967, T. KosAKA (SEHU);1 female,Shobugahama, Nikko-
NewScirtidGenusNippo11oyphon fromJapan 515
shi,TochigiPref.,11-VI-2005,S.MAEHARAleg.(NMW);1male,Mt.Jirogyu(F.I.T),
Kisawa-son, TokushimaProf., 4~13-VI-2004, K. TANAKA leg. (NZAC); 1 female,
Hikawa-path,DaibosatsuMts.,YamanashiPref.,14-VI-1992,S.TsuYUKI leg. (EUM);
1male,0kuyarito(FIT),Kisawa-son,TokushimaPref.,31-V~4-VI-2004,K.TANAKA
leg. (EUM);1male, Mt.Maruzasayama,nearMt. Tsurugi, TokushimaPref.,11-VI-
1972, M. YosHIDA leg. (EUM); 1 female, 0odaigahara, Kamikitayama-mura, Nara
Pref., 21~24-VI-2005, T. KIsHIMoTo leg. (NSMT); 1male& 1female, 0tomedani
(alt. 1,260m), Higashiiya, Miyoshi, TokushimaPref., 28-V~5-VI-2006 (FIT), K.
TANAKA leg. (EUM); 1male, Minokoshi (alt. 1,360m), Higashiiya, Miyoshi,
TokushimaProf.,28-V~5-VI-2006(FIT), K.TANAKAleg. (NMW).
Distribution. Japan (Honshu,Shikoku).
Etymology. Thespeciesisnamedafter thelateDr.TakehikoNAKANE,whogave
ustheopportunitytostudythisspecies.
CladisticAnalysis
In order to assess the phylogenetic relationships of Nippono〔:yphon to selected
of Scirtidae and members of related families of basal Polyphaga, 56 adult
genera
morphologicalcharacterswerecoded for Nipponoyphon, 21genera of Scirtidae, and
one taxon each from the families Derodontidae, Eucinetidae and Decliniidae (see
Appendices1and2). Thedatawereinitially coded in Delta format using theDelta
Editor (DALLwITzet al., 2000a, 2000b)andconverted toHennig86(FARRIs, 1988)
files for use with Winclada (NIXON, 1999) and Nona (GoLoBoFF, 1999). All
characters were treated as unordered. With all taxa and characters included and
Derodontusasoutgroup,aheuristicsearchusingmultipleTBR十TBRwith95replica-
tionsproduced threeshortest treeswitha lengthof169, consistency indexof 41and
retentionindexof59. Astrictconsensusofthesetreesisshownin Fig 22 with Bremer
supportvaluesgivenforthemajornodes;thesametreeshowingunambiguouscharacter
changesisshownin Fig 23.
Inall trees,Nycteusisbasaltothreeunresolvedclades:Declinia,Nippono〔1yphoriand
remainingScirtidae;Stone〔typhon isbasal totheremaining20scirtidgenera(hereafter
referred to as Scirtidae MP), a clade is formed with Hydrocyphon, Amplectopus,
Sarabandus,SacodesandE1odes,andthefollowinggenericpairsarerecognized:Sacodes
十E1odes,Atopida十Byrrhopsis,Macrodasc111us十PrionocyphonandScirtes十Ora. Inone
ofthetreesNipponocyphon and_Decliniaaresister taxa,whileintheother twoDeclinia
isbasal toNippono〔:yphonorviceversa. TheDeclinia十Nipponoyphon十Scirtidaeclade
hasaBremervalueof4andissupportedbysevensynapomorphies,but only three,39-
1(metendosternitewithventrolateralprocesses),41-1(AA4meetinganal fold)and51-
1(lossofspiraclesonsegmentVIII)areuniqueandunreversed. Ofthethreechanges
supportingStenoyphon十ScirtidaeMP, 52-2 (fusion of tergites IXandX) isunique
and unreversed and 53-0 (absence of rectal rings) isa reversal to thecondition in
Derodontus. Thereappearsto bemoresubstantialsupport for theScirtidaeMPclade,
516 JohnF.LAWRENCEandHiroyukiYosHIToMl
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