Table Of Content„NIEPOKORNI”
WSZYSTKICH
CZASÓW
Pod redakcją
Eweliny Klimczak
Mateusza Lisaka
© Copyright
Wydawnictwo NapoleonV & Autorzy
Oświęcim 2015
Wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone
Redakcja:
Ewelina Klimczak
Mateusz Lisak
Korekta:
Patrycja Duc
Redakcja techniczna:
Mateusz Bartel
Recenzenci:
dr hab. Jerzy Gapys
prof. zw. dr hab. Wojciech Iwańczak
dr hab. Mariusz Nowak
dr hab. prof. UJK Tomasz Polański
dr hab. Jacek Pielas
www.napoleonv.pl
Kontakt: [email protected]
Numer ISBN: 978-83-7889-373-8
Spis treści
WSTĘP od Redakcji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Lisak Mateusz
Troops of war elephant in the ancient warfare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Lipiec Rafał
Witold Kiejstutowicz – niepokorny Litwin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Kurzak Sławomir
Awanturnicy czy mężowie stanu? Walka stronnictw kozackich
na Ukrainie w latach 1657–1672 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Kowalczyk Anna
Nieposłuszeństwo rozkazom i jego konsekwencje w amerykańskiej
marynarce wojennej schyłku XVIII w. – wybrane przykłady . . . . . . . . . 41
Bies Paulina
„Milczysz, panie Levittoux”. Karol Levittoux jako symbol
niezłomności i poświęcenia dla ojczyzny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Cedro Katarzyna
Julian Ochorowicz (1850–1917) – niepokorny swoich czasów . . . . . 64
Klimczak Ewelina
„Rzeczpospolita styczniowa” – wolność i konspiracja. Niepokorni
„powstańcy Stycznia” w pamięci rodaków u progu niepodległości
(wybór pism z lat dwudziestych XX w.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Kania Agnieszka
Skandalista – humorysta – destruktor.
Działalność Tadeusza Boya-Żeleńskiego w II RP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Kot Przemysław
Borys Szaposznikow – twórca koncepcji tajnej mobilizacji . . . . . . . . . . 93
Mytkowska Karolina
Witold Hulewicz – poeta w służbie narodu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Spytek Patrycja
„Czyn wojenny zobowiązuje na całe życie” – Gustaw Herling-Grudziński
i jego działalność niepodległościowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4 SPIS TREŚCI
Gil Radosław
„Ten, który zdradził” – komunistyczne próby obalenia legendy
gen. Władysława Andersa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Żelazny Beata
„Żołnierze Wyklęci” w świetle polskiej prasy komunistycznej
w latach 1945–1947 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Zawisza Michał
Przejawy sprzeciwu robotniczego w woj. kieleckim
w latach 1945–1949 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Maciejowski Maciej
Niepokorni w życiu publicznym współczesnej Polski . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
WSTĘP OD REDAKCJI 5
6 WSTĘP OD REDAKCJI
WSTĘP OD REDAKCJI 7
Mateusz Lisak
Wydział Humanistyczny
Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach
Troops of war elephant in the ancient warfare
War elephants are not a popular topic in modern historiography. Even
some sources are available, the people’s knowledge about this unit is
usually poor. The ancient warfare is usually associated with Greece hoplites,
Alexander the Great and Roman legions. People would say that they saw an
elephant watching the Alexander (2004). Then people think that these animals
were used in India and they imagine great beasts in jungle or if they were watch-
ing documentary movies on African savannas. The knowledge about elephants
is poor, it’s hard to imagine that some of them lived around Mediterranean Sea
like lions in the Ancient Greece. People’s actions made them extincted, conse-
quently if we cannot see them at present, we are thinking that in the past they
couldn’t have live there.
Timeframes used in this article begin since Alexander’s the Great warpath,
when the Europeans had the first occasion to see these kind of mounts on the
battlefield. It end on early Roman Empire period because of decreasing scale of
using this animals during this time. Interesting for this article was only this the
area, on which elephants were available for Mediterranean Sea’s populations
and include South-East African tribes, Egypt, the east coast of Africa, Near
East as also the terrain of modern Iran and Afghanistan. Some information
about Indian aspects of elephants have been added to show differences be-
tween species of African and Indian elephants as also their tactical usage, size
and number of mounts which could be used. The major topic of this work is
elephants troops in ancient warfare what means not only these animals from
Africa, but also those from India which were using in terrains around Mediter-
ranean Sea. All this information gave us a frame on which it is possible to ex-
plain the evolution of introducing elephants in ancient warfare since Alexan-
der, through Hellenistic period, Pyrrhus, Carthage, and in the end by Roman
Empire. Before them, there is an introduction to present primary informations
about species, sources of animals and techniques of taming. After that there is
a short introduction to elephant’s equipment and tactical usage. Then, the his-
tory of troops of elephants in the ancient warfare.
The elephants were used by the ancient tribes to do many things. First of all
it was meat – specially delicious trunk and useful because of the animal’s
weight. The second one was the ivory, valuable source for every artist and
craftsman. Trade of ivory was risky but also very profitable what cause that
people were hunting elephants since they only discovered the value of ele-
10 LISAK MATEUSZ
phant’s tusks. Animals were also used for carring luggages or as mounts in
transport or later in warfare.
First elephants begun to use between 2,500 and 1,750 BC in India 1. Even
ancient historician said that it was the huggest area where those animals could
be found, but also Indian elephants – elephas maximus indicus were almost the
biggest one 2. In Europe elephants begun to be trained as mounts for military
usage since Alexander’s the Great journey to India. There, shocked by the pow-
er of elephants, beasts started to be used in diadoch’s armies after Alexander’s
death. In Mediterranean Sea’s territory available were only African forest ele-
phants – loxodonta cyclotis, which in Ancient period weren’t extincted yet, but
hunting them almost not ended in extermination of this species. They lived
then in the forests of Northern and Central Africa.
The second species of these animals in Africa, African bush elephants – loxo-
donta africana, lived to far away and were too uncontrollable to tame them. Coins
and votive stele from Carthage also present us a small-size elephant which can-
not be an African bush elephant. The size of rider give as an information how tall
the animal was as also its ears look typical for forest elephants 3. Much more pow-
erful, higher, with greater tusks probably would be used instead African forest
elephants, which are the smallest ones. It means that African bush elephants
weren’t available as a source of animals or they were too hard to tame.
In Egypt, the elephants begun to be used on war during rules of the firsts
Ptolemies. It is said that they were from land of Troglodytes and from Ethiopia 4.
On the south, Diodorus placed the source of beasts in Ethiopia and in the desert
of Libya 5, as also in Arabia 6, Nile in Libya (the area of west bank, between Ethio-
pia and Libya) 7, in South Ethiopia, in the land of Ichthyophagi 8 and Troglo-
dytes 9, which lived on the east of the First Cataract. Caught once were trans-
ported to the nearest coach and by sea to Berenice (in Troglodytes country), af-
ter that by land with caravan 10. During Ptolemy dynasty, Egyptians created
a special kind of ships, which were able to carry so heavy elephants. Elephantegos
carried food and grain for long travel to south, but they were vulnerable for
storms, what could easily cause that great sum of money were spent for noth-
ing 11. Difficulties with transporting forced Ptolemy Philadelphus to build a spe-
1 S. Anglim, Fighting Techniques of the Ancient Aorld 3000 BC–500AD. Equipment, combat skills, and
tactics, Thomas Dunne Book, New York 2002, p. 79.
2 Diodorus of Sicily, Books II (continued) 35–IV, 58, translated by C.H. Oldfather, London 1967, p. 35.
3 T. Wise, Armies of the Carthaginian War 265–146 BC, Men-At-Arms Series 121, London 1982, p. 9–10.
4 A. Chaniotis, War in The Hellenistic World, Blackwell Publishing 2005, p. 58, 62.
5 Diodorus, op. cit., II. 51.
6 Ibidem, II. 54.
7 Ibidem, III. 10.
8 Ibidem, III. 18.
9 Ibidem, III. 41.
10 B. Bravo, E. Wipszycka, Historia Starożytnych Greków, t. 3, Okres Hellenistyczny, PWN, Warszawa
1992, p. 158.
11 The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. VII, Part I, The Hellenistic World, Cambridge University
