Nginx HTTP Server - Second Edition

512 Pages·2013·3.22 MB·English

by  Clément Nedelcu

Table of Contents
Nginx HTTP Server Second Edition
Credits
About the Author
About the Reviewers
www.PacktPub.com
Support files, eBooks, discount offers and more
Why Subscribe?
Free Access for Packt account holders
Preface
What this book covers
What you need for this book
Who this book is for
Conventions
Reader feedback
Customer support
Downloading the example code
Errata
Piracy
Questions
1. Downloading and Installing Nginx
Setting up the prerequisites
GCC – GNU Compiler Collection
The PCRE library
The zlib library
OpenSSL
Downloading Nginx
Websites and resources
Version branches
Features
Downloading and extracting
Configure options
The easy way
Path options
Prerequisites options
Module options
Modules enabled by default
Modules disabled by default
Miscellaneous options
Configuration examples
About the prefix switch
Regular HTTP and HTTPS servers
All modules enabled
Mail server proxy
Build configuration issues
Make sure you installed the prerequisites
Directories exist and are writable
Compiling and installing
Controlling the Nginx service
Daemons and services
User and group
Nginx command-line switches
Starting and stopping the daemon
Testing the configuration
Other switches
Adding Nginx as a system service
System V scripts
What is an init script?
Init script for Debian-based distributions
Init script for Red Hat-based distributions
Installing the script
Debian-based distributions
Red Hat-based distributions
Summary
2. Basic Nginx Configuration
Configuration file syntax
Configuration Directives
Organization and inclusions
Directive blocks
Advanced language rules
Directives accept specific syntaxes
Diminutives in directive values
Variables
String values
Base module directives
What are base modules?
Nginx process architecture
Core module directives
Events module
Configuration module
A configuration for your profile
Understanding the default configuration
Necessary adjustments
Adapting to your hardware
Testing your server
Creating a test server
Performance tests
Httperf
Autobench
OpenWebLoad
Upgrading Nginx gracefully
Summary
3. HTTP Configuration
HTTP Core module
Structure blocks
Module directives
Socket and host configuration
listen
server_name
server_name_in_redirect
server_names_hash_max_size
server_names_hash_bucket_size
port_in_redirect
tcp_nodelay
tcp_nopush
sendfile
sendfile_max_chunk
send_lowat
reset_timedout_connection
Paths and documents
root
alias
error_page
if_modified_since
index
recursive_error_pages
try_files
Client requests
keepalive_requests
keepalive_timeout
keepalive_disable
send_timeout
client_body_in_file_only
client_body_in_single_buffer
client_body_buffer_size
client_body_temp_path
client_body_timeout
client_header_buffer_size
client_header_timeout
client_max_body_size
large_client_header_buffers
lingering_time
lingering_timeout
lingering_close
ignore_invalid_headers
chunked_transfer_encoding
max_ranges
MIME types
types
default_type
types_hash_max_size
Limits and restrictions
limit_except
limit_rate
limit_rate_after
satisfy
internal
File processing and caching
disable_symlinks
directio
directio_alignment
open_file_cache
open_file_cache_errors
open_file_cache_min_uses
open_file_cache_valid
read_ahead
Other directives
log_not_found
log_subrequest
merge_slashes
msie_padding
msie_refresh
resolver
resolver_timeout
server_tokens
underscores_in_headers
variables_hash_max_size
variables_hash_bucket_size
post_action
Module variables
Request headers
Response headers
Nginx generated
The Location block
Location modifier
The = modifier
No modifier
The ~ modifier
The ~* modifier
The ^~ modifier
The @ modifier
Search order and priority
Case 1:
Case 2:
Case 3:
Summary
4. Module Configuration
Rewrite module
Reminder on regular expressions
Purpose
PCRE syntax
Quantifiers
Captures
Internal requests
error_page
Rewrite
Infinite loops
Server Side Includes (SSI)
Conditional structure
Directives
Common rewrite rules
Performing a search
User profile page
Multiple parameters
Wikipedia-like
News website article
Discussion board
SSI module
Module directives and variables
SSI Commands
File includes
Working with variables
Conditional structure
Configuration
Additional modules
Website access and logging
Index
Autoindex
Random index
Log
Limits and restrictions
Auth_basic module
Access
Limit connections
Limit request
Content and encoding
Empty GIF
FLV and MP4
HTTP headers
Addition
Substitution
Gzip filter
Gzip static
Charset filter
Memcached
Image filter
XSLT
About your visitors
Browser
Map
Geo
GeoIP
UserID filter
Referer
Real IP
Split Clients
SSL and security
SSL
Setting up an SSL certificate
Secure link
Other miscellaneous modules
Stub status
Degradation
Google-perftools
WebDAV
Third-party modules
Summary
5. PHP and Python with Nginx
Introduction to FastCGI
Understanding the CGI mechanism
Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
Fast Common Gateway Interface (FastCGI)
uWSGI and SCGI
Main directives
FastCGI caching
Upstream blocks
Module syntax
Server directive
PHP with Nginx
Architecture
PHP-FPM
Setting up PHP and PHP-FPM
Downloading and extracting
Requirements
Building PHP
Post-install configuration
Running and controlling
Nginx configuration
Python and Nginx
Django
Setting up Python and Django
Python
Django
Starting the FastCGI process manager
Nginx configuration
Summary
6. Apache and Nginx Together
Nginx as reverse proxy
Understanding the issue
The reverse proxy mechanism
Advantages and disadvantages of the mechanism
Nginx proxy module
Main directives
Caching, buffering, and temporary files
Limits, timeouts, and errors
Other directives
Variables
Configuring Apache and Nginx
Reconfiguring Apache
Configuration overview
Resetting the port number
Accepting local requests only
Configuring Nginx
Enabling proxy options
Separating content
Advanced configuration
Improving the reverse proxy architecture
Forwarding the correct IP address
SSL issues and solutions
Server control panel issues
Summary
7. From Apache to Nginx
Nginx versus Apache
Features
Core and functioning
General functionality
Flexibility and community
Performance
Usage
Conclusion
Porting your Apache configuration
Directives
Modules
Virtual hosts and configuration sections
Configuration sections
Creating a virtual host
.htaccess files
Reminder on Apache .htaccess files
Nginx equivalence
Rewrite rules
General remarks
On the location
On the syntax
RewriteRule
WordPress
MediaWiki
vBulletin
Summary
A. Directive Index
B. Module Reference
Access
Addition*
Auth_basic module
Autoindex
Browser
Charset
Core
DAV*