Table Of Contentomslag Newton.indd | Sander Pinkse Boekproductie | 16-11-12 / 14:45 | Pag. 1
The Dutch Republic proved ‘A new light on several
Newton
to be extremely receptive to
major figures involved in
the groundbreaking ideas of
the reception of Newton’s
Isaac Newton (1643–1727).
work.’
Dutch scholars such as Willem and the Netherlands
Jacob ’s Gravesande and Petrus
Prof. Bert Theunissen,
van Musschenbroek played a Utrecht University N
How Isaac Newton was Fashioned
crucial role in the adaption and
e
dissemination of Newton’s work, w in the Dutch Republic
‘This book provides an
not only in the Netherlands
t
important contribution to
but also in the rest of Europe. o
EDITED BY ERIC JORINK
n
In the course of the eighteenth the study of the European
AND AD MAAS
a
century, Newton’s ideas (in Enlightenment with new
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different guises and interpre-
insights in the circulation d
tations) became a veritable
of knowledge.’ t
hype in Dutch society. In Newton h
and the Netherlands Newton’s Prof. Frans van Lunteren, e
sudden success is analyzed in Leiden University N
great depth and put into a new e
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perspective.
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Ad Maas is curator at the Museum r
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Boerhaave, Leiden, the Netherlands. a
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Eric Jorink is researcher at the Huygens
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Institute for Netherlands History
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(Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and
Sciences).
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Newton and the Netherlands.indd | Sander Pinkse Boekproductie | 16-11-12 / 16:47 | Pag. 1
Newton and the Netherlands
Newton and the Netherlands.indd | Sander Pinkse Boekproductie | 16-11-12 / 16:47 | Pag. 2
Newton and the Netherlands.indd | Sander Pinkse Boekproductie | 16-11-12 / 16:47 | Pag. 3
Newton
and the Netherlands
How Isaac Newton was Fashioned
in the Dutch Republic
Edited by Eric Jorink and Ad Maas
Leiden University Press
Newton and the Netherlands.indd | Sander Pinkse Boekproductie | 16-11-12 / 16:47 | Pag. 4
The publication of this book is made possible by a grant
from Museum Boerhaave.
Cover illustration: Britannia between Newton and W.J. ’s Gravesande,
Oil painting by G.M. de Boni, 1787 (courtesy Galleria Doria Pamphilj,
Rome)
Cover design and lay-out: Sander Pinkse Boekproductie, Amsterdam
isbn 978 90 8728 137 3
e-isbn 978 94 0060 055 3 (pdf)
e-isbn 978 94 0060 123 9 (ePub)
nur 680 / 924
© E. Jorink, A. Maas / Leiden University Press, Amsterdam 2012
All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright
reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or
introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by
any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or other-
wise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and
the author of the book.
Every effort has been made to obtain permission to use all copyright-
ed illustrations reproduced in this book. Nonetheless, whosoever
believes to have rights to this material is advised to contact the pub-
lisher.
Newton and the Netherlands.indd | Sander Pinkse Boekproductie | 16-11-12 / 16:47 | Pag. 5
Contents
Introduction 7
Eric Jorink and Ad Maas
‘The Miracle of Our Time’ 13
How Isaac Newton was fashioned in the Netherlands
Eric Jorink and Huib Zuidervaart
Servant of Two Masters 67
Fatio de Duillier between Christiaan Huygens and Isaac Newton
Rob Iliffe
How Newtonian Was Herman Boerhaave? 93
Rina Knoeff
The Man Who Erased Himself 113
Willem Jacob ’s Gravesande and the Enlightenment
Ad Maas
‘The Wisest Man to Whom this Earth Has as Yet Given
Birth’ 139
Petrus van Musschenbroek and the limits of Newtonian
natural philosophy
Kees de Pater
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Low Country Opticks 159
The optical pursuits of Lambert ten Kate and Daniel Fahrenheit
in early Dutch ‘Newtonianism’
Fokko Jan Dijksterhuis
Defining the Supernatural 185
The Dutch Newtonians, the Bible and the Laws of Nature
Rienk Vermij
Anti-Newtonianism and Radical Enlightenment 207
Jordy Geerlings
Newtonianism at the Dutch Universities during the
Enlightenment 227
The teaching of ‘philosophy’ from ’s Gravesande to Van Swinden
Henri Krop
Authors 250
Index 253
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Introduction
ERIC JORINK AND AD MAAS
The Dutch Republic is known as an early adopter of Isaac Newton’s 7
natural philosophy. In fact, Newton’s success on the Continent was
IN
largely effected by Dutch scholars who supported his work at an early T
R
O
stage. This volume, Newton and the Netherlands, is largely devoted to D
U
the perception of Newton’s ideas in the Dutch Republic, as well as the CT
IO
fashioning of the man himself, from the publication of his magnum N
opus Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica in 1687, until the
end of the eighteenth century.
Despite the importance of the Dutch Republic in the history of
Newtonianism, surprisingly little research has been done in this field.
For most historians the sudden popularity of Newtonianism in the
Dutch Republic has been a historical fact requiring no explanation.
The introduction of Newtonianism to the Netherlands in 1715 is usual-
ly considered the logical next step towards modern science: from Aris-
totelianism, via Cartesianism towards Newtonianism. Seen from this
perspective, the appearance of Newtonian physics in the academic
curriculum in 1715–1717 was inevitable, as was the increasing popular-
ity of the man himself. The eighteenth century in the Dutch Repub-
lic was, as in England, the age of Newton. Eulogies of ‘this miracle of
our age’ are found not only in scientific texts, but also in sermons and
poetry.
In this volume, which is the result of an international conference
held in Museum Boerhaave, Leiden, 20–22 April 2010,1 we would like
to draw attention to certain conceptual and contextual problems, and
to highlight a number of protagonists and underlying patterns rele-
Newton and the Netherlands.indd | Sander Pinkse Boekproductie | 16-11-12 / 16:47 | Pag. 8
vant to Newton’s success. Drawing on the recent trend in the history
of science for concepts such as the ‘circulation of knowledge’, and the
focus on the processes of reception, adaptation and dissemination,
we will argue that ‘Newtonianism’ in the Dutch context was not a sta-
ble, coherent system, originating in Britain and waiting to be imple-
mented on the Continent, but a philosophical construction, adapted
to local problems and circumstances. The dissemination of Newton
was a many-sided and complex process, in which natural philosophy,
religious and cultural factors, propaganda and practical concerns, and
personal benefits, fears and preferences interacted in a fascinating
manner.
As this book shows, the ‘Newtonianism’ constructed by Dutch natu-
ral philosophers appears to be anything but a fixed and clearly defined
set of scientific concepts. Many scholars who have been labeled
8 straightforwardly as ‘Newtonians’, in practice did not embrace New-
ton’s natural philosophy completely. Actually, the Dutch ‘Newtonians’
S
D mostly used Newton’s ideas in a selective or even defective manner,
N
A
L and were far from dogmatic in their adherence to his work. Moreo ver,
R
E
H what was understood by ‘Newtonianism’ changed in the course of
T
E
N time. Studying Newtonianism, therefore, is like looking at Dutch fog:
E
TH it is omnipresent, but intangible as well, it often conceals more than
D
N it reveals and at short distances it seems to disappear altogether. It is
A
N no surprise that many of the authors in this book are intrigued by the
O
T
W ‘foggy’, intangible character of Dutch Newtonianism.
E
N In the first chapter Eric Jorink and Huib Zuidervaart present an
overview of the colorful rise of Dutch ‘Newtonianism’, and the way the
man himself was put on the map, as well as on the market. As they
show, Dutch ‘Newtonianism’ was a label, an intellectual construction,
to a large extent molded by an already existing tradition of empirical
research and by a Protestant natural theology which gave the study
of nature a strong religious connotation. Newton’s natural philosophy
was adopted to solve pressing religious and philosophical concerns of
Dutch culture, particularly as an antidote to the ‘blasphemous’ ideas
of Spinoza. In the second half of the eighteenth century an increasing
terminological vagueness became apparent. ‘Newtonianism’ became
interchangeable with experimental philosophy, ‘physico-theology’
and natural theology, all of which roughly described the same set of
ideas, values and practices. As their research suggests, the sudden
success of Newton in the Dutch Republic after the publication of the
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second edition of the Principia in 1713, and the subsequent pirated
Amsterdam edition, could be seen as the result of a conscious strategy
of philosophers and publishers.
A particularly penetrating insight into the selective way in which
Newton’s ideas were adopted is provided by Fokko Jan Dijksterhuis in
chapter 6. His study focusses on the Opticks, Newton’s book about his
optical experiments and views (first published in 1704). The reception
in the United Provinces of this book, which, unlike the Princi pia, has
little to say on worldviews and religion, provides a revealing look into
the practical use of Newton’s work. The polymath Lambert ten Kate
and the instrument maker and lecturer Daniel Fahrenheit, two well-
known ‘Newtonians’ who became familiar with the Opticks, largely
ignored Newton’s central claims and freely picked out the elements
they could use. For Fahrenheit the Opticks proved useful for his pur-
suits in telescope making, while Ten Kate even aimed to correct some 9
elements of Newton’s optics with his own experiments, because they
IN
did not fit his own theories. Both were largely indifferent to Newton’s T
R
O
natural philosophical system. How ‘Newtonian’, then, were these D
U
scholars actually? Dijksterhuis ends his article by calling into question CT
IO
the usefulness of the term ‘Newtonianism’, which he considerers ‘too N
ambiguous, to illuminate historical developments’. ‘To put it briefly’,
he concludes, ‘“Newtonianism” is not a fruitful category for doing his-
tory of science’.
Another chapter that discusses the nature of Dutch ‘Newtonianism’
is the analysis of its intellectual dimension by Rienk Vermij (chapter 7).
While emphasizing the heterogeneous character of the Dutch Newto-
nians, Vermij identifies a common project, namely ‘defining the rela-
tion between God and nature in a way which answered both scientific
and religious demands’. This ‘project’ had an important impact on the
interpretation and perception of Newton’s ideas by Dutch scholars.
While in the seventeenth century nature was increasingly consid-
ered in terms and concepts adapted from natural philosophy and
geometry, there was some unease about its consequences for tradi-
tional religious views. The presumption that the universe was direct-
ed by a set of eternal and immutable laws of nature could lead to a
deterministic worldview in which God’s role was marginalized. What
was ultimately at stake, Vermij argues, were not philosophical matters
as such, but the authority of the Bible. How could the supernatural
events of the Scripture be brought in accordance with new scientific
